電(dian)導儀(yi)根據公式J=K/G，電(dian)(dian)(dian)極常數(shu)J可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)通過(guo)丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極在(zai)一(yi)定濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)KCl溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)G來求得，此時KCl溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)K是已(yi)知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。而不鍍(du)鉑黑(hei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)亮(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極，由于(yu)它只能在(zai)較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液中使(shi)用(yong)，所(suo)以(yi)常數(shu)小于(yu)1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)使(shi)用(yong)光(guang)亮(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極。先將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極用(yong)蒸(zheng)溜水(shui)(shui)清洗干凈，然后將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極插人一(yi)個(ge)已(yi)知pH值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)沖(chong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液中，調節溫度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)使(shi)儀表指導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)溫度(du)與(yu)緩(huan)沖(chong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液溫度(du)一(yi)致，并動(dong)搖試杯(bei)使(shi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液平均。水(shui)(shui)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)高低(di)相依(yi)于(yu)其內含溶(rong)(rong)(rong)質(zhi)鹽(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度(du)，或其它會分解為電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學(xue)雜(za)質(zhi)。吸附水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)(liang)是良多化學(xue)反應和工藝過(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制因(yin)素，在(zai)這方面可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)參考詳細專業研究講演。不同(tong)物(wu)質(zhi)飽(bao)和含水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)不同(tong)。不鍍(du)鉑黑(hei)或鍍(du)得不好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉑黑(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極，會產生很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)誤差。產業電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀DDG-2090A出廠溫度(du)系(xi)數(shu)設為2.0%℃-1，溫度(du)系(xi)數(shu)設置(zhi)范圍是0～10％℃-1。產業電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀DDG-2090A把電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)值自動(dong)折算成(cheng)25℃（我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統基(ji)準(zhun)溫度(du)）下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)值并顯示出來。新鮮蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)為0.2-2μS／cm，但放置(zhi)一(yi)段時間(jian)后，因(yin)吸收(shou)了CO2，增加到(dao)2—4μS/cm；超純水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)小0.10/μS/cm；自然水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)多在(zai)50—500μS/cm之(zhi)間(jian)，礦化水(shui)(shui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達；含酸、堿、鹽(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產業廢水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)往(wang)往(wang)超過(guo)10000μS/cm；海水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)約為30000μS/cm。水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)時常以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)系(xi)數(shu)來紀錄；電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)系(xi)數(shu)是水(shui)(shui)在(zai)25°C溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)，臺式電導儀(yi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)補(bu)償原理：電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質溶(rong)液電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)受(shou)到(dao)溫(wen)度(du)(du)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，需要進行溫(wen)度(du)(du)補(bu)償。不(bu)同(tong)濃度(du)(du)氯(lv)化鉀溶(rong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(25℃)列(lie)于下(xia)表(biao)。不(bu)同(tong)類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)水有不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)。 電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)丈量原理：為(wei)避免(mian)電(dian)(dian)極極化，儀(yi)表(biao)產(chan)生(sheng)高(gao)不(bu)亂度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)弦波信(xin)(xin)號(hao)加(jia)在電(dian)(dian)極上(shang)，流(liu)過電(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)與被測溶(rong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)成(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)比，儀(yi)表(biao)將電(dian)(dian)流(liu)由(you)高(gao)阻抗運算放大器轉化為(wei)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)后(hou)，經程(cheng)控信(xin)(xin)號(hao)放大、相敏(min)檢波和(he)(he)濾波后(hou)得到(dao)反映電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)位信(xin)(xin)號(hao)；微(wei)處理器通(tong)過開關切換，對(dui)溫(wen)度(du)(du)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)交替采樣(yang)，經由(you)運算和(he)(he)溫(wen)度(du)(du)補(bu)償后(hou)，得到(dao)被測溶(rong)液在25℃時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)值(zhi)和(he)(he)當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)值(zhi)。因此，臺(tai)式(shi)電導儀新(xin)購的電導(dao)電極(ji)，以及使(shi)用一段(duan)時(shi)間后的電導(dao)電極(ji)，電極(ji)常數(shu)應重新(xin)丈量標(biao)定(ding)。

       水溶液的(de)電導(dao)儀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)直接和(he)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)固體量濃度成(cheng)(cheng)正比，而且(qie)固體量濃度越高(gao)(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)越大。它能反映出水中存在的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質的(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度。水越純凈，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)越低(di)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)越高(gao)(gao))。增加摻雜(za)程(cheng)度會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)。這就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)基天職析方(fang)法(fa)。被測溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)值受溫度變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)較(jiao)大，要依據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)值分析被測溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)，需(xu)進行溫度補償，換算成(cheng)(cheng)基準溫度下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)數值才(cai)具有(you)(you)應用意(yi)義(yi)。在海內一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)仿單中，對(dui)鉑(bo)黑(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極有(you)(you)一(yi)種曲解(jie)，以為鉑(bo)黑(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極適合于高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)中使用，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)實在不然，鉑(bo)黑(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極測試(shi)(shi)幾(ji)個μS/cm甚至0.1μS/cm的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)都可(ke)以，而在高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)測試(shi)(shi)， 鉑(bo)黑(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極就更不亂和(he)正確了。電(dian)導儀拔(ba)出丈(zhang)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)插頭，按(an)下“mV”。這種(zhong)現象(xiang)在(zai)II型(xing)儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)也能觀察(cha)到(數值與儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)I有(you)所差別，有(you)待進(jin)一步研究)。鉑黑(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)存放期間(jian)要泡在(zai)蒸餾水中(zhong)不宣干放。光亮(liang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)另一個長(chang)處是鉑片表(biao)(biao)面(mian)可以擦拭(shi)，而鉑黑(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)則絕對(dui)不能擦拭(shi)，只能在(zai)水中(zhong)晃(huang)動清洗。丈(zhang)量(liang)時，電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率儀(yi)常(chang)數旋(xuan)鈕應旋(xuan)至(zhi)1.0cm-1處。因(yin)此(ci)常(chang)數大于1的(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)，都應該使用鉑黑(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)。在(zai)進(jin)行溫度補償前，需(xu)由用戶(hu)據實際(ji)情況設置電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率的(de)溫度系數。丈(zhang)量(liang)臺式電(dian)導儀電(dian)(dian)(dian)極常(chang)數(shu)的KCl溶液的溫度(du)，以接(jie)近實際被測(ce)溶液的溫度(du)為(wei)好。溶液的電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率與其溫度(du)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上的極化現象、電(dian)(dian)(dian)極分布(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容等因(yin)素有關，儀(yi)器上一(yi)般都采用了補償或消除措施。儀(yi)器有0~10mV訊號輸(shu)出，可接(jie)自動電(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)位差計進行連續記實。在表(biao)面加(jia)工過(guo)程中，吸附水(shui)含(han)量通常(chang)起到黏結(jie)性(xing)的作用，是造粒和成型非常(chang)重要的控(kong)制指標。水(shui)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)是衡量水(shui)質(zhi)的一(yi)個很重要的指標。電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極常(chang)數(shu)丈量時應留意(yi)以下幾點。

       一般(ban)在(zai)0～50℃范圍內，鹽類(lei)(lei)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)系數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)2.3%℃-1；酸(suan)(suan)(suan)類(lei)(lei)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)系數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)1.6%℃-1；堿類(lei)(lei)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)系數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)1.9%℃-1。因而水分活度(du)(du)(du)(du)測試可以(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)塑料、化肥(fei)、制藥(yao)等產(chan)業造粒過程(cheng)(cheng)，和注(zhu)塑，鍛(duan)造，模具(ju)等工藝(yi)的(de)有力(li)質量控(kong)制檢測手段。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)是物質傳送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)能力(li)，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)對，單位Siemens/cm(S/cm)，該單位的(de)10-6以(yi)(yi)μS/cm表(biao)(biao)示(shi)，10-3時(shi)以(yi)(yi)mS/cm表(biao)(biao)示(shi)。因此常(chang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大于1的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，都應該使(shi)(shi)用鉑黑(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)。盛(sheng)被測溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)容器必需清潔(jie)，無離子玷污。多(duo)孔的(de)鉑黑(hei)增加了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)表(biao)(biao)面積，使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)減(jian)小(xiao)，使(shi)(shi)極(ji)化效應變(bian)(bian)小(xiao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容干擾也(ye)降低了(le)。因為(wei)(wei)丈(zhang)(zhang)量溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)濃度(du)(du)(du)(du)和溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)同(tong)，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)丈(zhang)(zhang)量儀器的(de)精度(du)(du)(du)(du)和頻率(lv)也(ye)不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)常(chang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)J有時(shi)會泛起較大的(de)誤差(cha)，使(shi)(shi)用一段時(shi)間后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)常(chang)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)也(ye)可能會有變(bian)(bian)化。每次(ci)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與(yu)標定溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)有較大變(bian)(bian)更(geng)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)干燥(zao)過久或剛剛調換、“定位”電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器有變(bian)(bian)動、丈(zhang)(zhang)量強酸(suan)(suan)(suan)（pH＜2）或強堿（pH＞12）后及(ji)丈(zhang)(zhang)量過含(han)有氟化物的(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)而酸(suan)(suan)(suan)度(du)(du)(du)(du)在pH（7的(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)等情況下均(jun)必需進行重新標定。摻雜程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)：臺(tai)式電導(dao)儀固態(tai)半導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)摻雜程(cheng)度(du)會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)變化。不鍍(du)鉑黑或(huo)鍍(du)得不好的(de)(de)(de)鉑黑電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極，會(hui)產生很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)丈量誤差。溫(wen)(wen)度(du)補償(chang)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池常數補償(chang)的(de)(de)(de)關系前面談到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)一些(xie)國產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)設置對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池常數有明(ming)顯影響(xiang)，對(dui)于(yu)儀器I(如(ru)新型DDS-307)，當溫(wen)(wen)度(du)示(shi)值(zhi)調(diao)整為(wei)15℃和(he)35℃時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池常數分別變化到(dao)1.250cm-1和(he)0.833cm-1左右。多孔的(de)(de)(de)鉑黑增加了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)表面積，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度(du)減小，使(shi)極化效(xiao)應變小，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容干(gan)擾(rao)也降低了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀在歐美(mei)奧(ao)以(yi)成為(wei)法定(ding)檢測和(he)控制指標(biao)，是食(shi)物安全(quan)最重要的(de)(de)(de)控制參數。一般來說，弱的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)溶液的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)系數為(wei)2.00%℃，濃度(du)越大(da)，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)系數越小。

       電極的引(yin)線不能濕潤，否則將測不準，使用電導儀時(shi)需要留意，電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀在電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)中，帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)離(li)子(zi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)下，產(chan)生移(yi)動(dong)而傳遞電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)，因此具(ju)有導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)作(zuo)用(yong)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)隨溫(wen)度(du)上升(sheng)(sheng)而增(zeng)大，呈現良好的(de)(de)(de)線性關(guan)系(xi)，這是(shi)因為溫(wen)度(du)升(sheng)(sheng)高后離(li)子(zi)遷移(yi)速度(du)也(ye)加快的(de)(de)(de)原因，因此在室(shi)溫(wen)下測得(de)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)應(ying)校正(zheng)至25℃為尺度(du)，根據(ju)相關(guan)研究的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果按下式計算時(shi)，得(de)到水溫(wen)每(mei)變化1℃時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)變化百(bai)分數為1.98和(he)2.06，均(jun)勻按2%計算。在液(ye)體(ti)中常以電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)倒數――電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)來(lai)衡(heng)量其導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力的(de)(de)(de)大小。電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀是(shi)食物廠、飲(yin)用(yong)水廠辦理(li)QS、HACCP認證的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)備(bei)檢(jian)修設(she)備(bei)。臺式電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)儀當它們的(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度(du)較(jiao)低時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)隨濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)大而增(zeng)加，因此，該指標(biao)常用(yong)于推(tui)測水中離(li)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)總濃(nong)度(du)或含鹽量。根據(ju)水溶液(ye)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度(du)不(bu)(bu)同，則(ze)溶液(ye)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度(du)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)同。調節“零(ling)點(dian)”電(dian)(dian)(dian)位器使讀數在±0之間(jian)。電導儀(yi)在海(hai)內一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)儀(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)仿單(dan)中(zhong)(zhong)，對鉑黑(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)有一種(zhong)曲解(jie)(jie)，以為鉑黑(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)適合于高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)，實在不(bu)然(ran)，鉑黑(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)測(ce)試幾個(ge)μS/cm甚至(zhi)0.1μS/cm的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)都可以，而在高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)測(ce)試，鉑黑(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)就(jiu)更不(bu)亂和正確(que)了。丈量(liang)時應采(cai)用(yong)(yong)配套(tao)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)儀(yi)(yi)，不(bu)要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)其他型號的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)儀(yi)(yi)。通過測(ce)定(ding)(ding)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度(du)(du)(du)來分(fen)析電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)在溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)度(du)(du)(du)。假如發現鉑黑(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)污染或(huo)失(shi)效(xiao)，可浸(jin)入10%硝酸或(huo)鹽(yan)酸溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)二(er)分(fen)鐘，然(ran)后用(yong)(yong)蒸餾水(shui)沖(chong)刷干(gan)凈再丈量(liang)， 鉑黑(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)也可以重新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)，但鍍(du)鉑黑(hei)(hei)需(xu)要(yao)一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)要(yao)乞降經驗，鍍(du)黑(hei)(hei)層(ceng)鍍(du)得好與壞對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)機能(neng)有很大影響(xiang)。但是需(xu)要(yao)留意：(1)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)間接(jie)測(ce)算水(shui)的(de)(de)硬度(du)(du)(du)，其理論誤差約20-30ppm(2)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)大小決定(ding)(ding)分(fen)子(zi)的(de)(de)運(yun)動，溫度(du)(du)(du)影響(xiang)分(fen)子(zi)的(de)(de)運(yun)動，臺式電(dian)導儀為了比(bi)較丈量結果，測試溫度一般定為20℃或25℃(3)采(cai)用試劑(ji)檢(jian)測可(ke)以獲取比(bi)較正(zheng)確的水的硬度值。

       電導儀電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)常數常選用已知電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)尺度氯(lv)化鉀(jia)溶液測定。利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀解決了良多在水質行業的(de)(de)題目。而(er)不鍍鉑(bo)黑的(de)(de)光亮電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，由(you)于它(ta)只能(neng)在較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)溶液中使用，所以(yi)常數小于1的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)可以(yi)使用光亮電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji).產(chan)業電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀DDG-2090A具有(you)自動檢測溫度電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)。鉑(bo)黑電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)存(cun)放期間要泡在蒸餾(liu)水中不宣(xuan)干放。電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(lv)是(shi)物質傳送電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)能(neng)力，臺式電導儀是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倒數。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)儀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)和(he)溶(rong)(rong)解固體量濃度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系近似表(biao)示(shi)為(wei)1.4μS/cm=1ppm或(huo)2μS/cm=1ppm(每百萬單位CaCO3)。這表(biao)明溫(wen)度(du)(du)補償(chang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)池(chi)常數補償(chang)是(shi)相(xiang)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，兩者具(ju)有內在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系。水(shui)(shui)樣本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)是(shi)丈量水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)鹽成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)、含(han)離子成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)、含(han)雜質(zhi)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)等等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)指(zhi)標(biao)。這種特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)在很多場合更能科學公道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應反(fan)應過(guo)程，質(zhi)量指(zhi)標(biao)在科研和(he)工農業(ye)出產中具(ju)有重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)意義。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏感材(cai)料(liao)通(tong)常為(wei)鉑，鍍(du)鉑黑(hei)(hei)(hei)就是(shi)在鉑表(biao)面(mian)鍍(du)上(shang)一層(ceng)玄色蓬松的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)鉑，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)為(wei)了減少極(ji)(ji)化效(xiao)應。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)儀在各(ge)地已經迅速發展起來了，對(dui)(dui)于其一些(xie)(xie)相(xiang)關(guan)題目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解說(shuo)(shuo)網上(shang)也(ye)有良多，在這里來分(fen)(fen)析下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)儀對(dui)(dui)食物水(shui)(shui)飽(bao)和(he)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些(xie)(xie)丈量方法(fa)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)儀也(ye)來說(shuo)(shuo)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些(xie)(xie)作用(yong)及(ji)做丈量前后需(xu)要(yao)(yao)留意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事項。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)儀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)為(wei)何(he)要(yao)(yao)鍍(du)鈾黑(hei)(hei)(hei)?鉑黑(hei)(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)能測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)嗎?丈量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)常數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)KCl溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)，以接(jie)近實際被測(ce)(ce)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)為(wei)好。對(dui)(dui)較低(di)濃度(du)(du)(1?S·cm－1)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)系數不采用(yong)2.00%℃，而由用(yong)戶設置，范圍為(wei)0.00～9.99%。假(jia)如發現鉑黑(hei)(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)污染或(huo)失效(xiao)，可浸入10%硝酸或(huo)鹽酸溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中二分(fen)(fen)鐘，臺式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)儀然后用(yong)蒸餾水(shui)(shui)沖刷干凈再丈量， 鉑黑(hei)(hei)(hei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)也(ye)可以重(zhong)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)，但(dan)鍍(du)鉑黑(hei)(hei)(hei)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)乞降經驗，鍍(du)黑(hei)(hei)(hei)層(ceng)鍍(du)得好與(yu)壞對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)機能有很大影響。電導儀如何測(ce)定電(dian)(dian)導電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)常數(shu)?為何要對常數(shu)進行(xing)校準? 當不接溫(wen)度(du)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)時(shi)，儀表(biao)即處于手動溫(wen)度(du)設置(zhi)狀態，ATC信號燈滅，儀表(biao)采用(yong)及顯示的是用(yong)戶手動設置(zhi)的溫(wen)度(du)值，即進行(xing)人工(gong)溫(wen)度(du)補償(chang)。光亮(liang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的另(ling)一個長處是鉑片表(biao)面可以(yi)(yi)擦拭，而鉑黑電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)表(biao)面則絕對不能(neng)擦拭，只能(neng)在水(shui)中晃動清洗。利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)導率儀或總(zong)固體溶解量計可以(yi)(yi)間(jian)接得(de)到水(shui)的總(zong)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)值，如前述(shu)，為了近似(si)換(huan)算(suan)利便，1μs/cm電(dian)(dian)導率=0.5ppm硬(ying)(ying)度(du)。

       硬度計在更(geng)換壓頭或砧座時，留(liu)意接觸部位要擦干凈。我(wo)公(gong)司是(shi)專(zhuan)業(ye)從事以(yi)(yi)研發、出產、經營(ying)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)規格圓形(xing)、方形(xing)尺度(du)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)廠(chang)家(jia)，我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)類齊全(quan)，適(shi)合各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇，日常工作環境及關機后應留(liu)意防塵、防侵蝕(shi)介質。最常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)靜負荷(he)壓入法硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)試驗，即(ji)布氏硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)HB、洛氏硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)HRA，HRB，HRC、維氏硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)H，橡(xiang)膠塑料邵氏硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)HA,HD等硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)其(qi)值表示材(cai)料表面抵擋堅硬(ying)(ying)(ying)物體壓入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力。硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)是(shi)衡量材(cai)料軟硬(ying)(ying)(ying)程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個機能(neng)指標。復合電極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大長處(chu)是(shi)合二為(wei)(wei)一，使(shi)用(yong)利(li)便。硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)計銷售功能(neng)于一體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)塊(kuai)供(gong)給(gei)企(qi)業(ye)，經營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)質量優質，價(jia)格公(gong)道，深受泛博(bo)客戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青睞(lai)和(he)認可，深得各(ge)(ge)界朋友的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)賴(lai)！這里小編為(wei)(wei)大家(jia)簡(jian)樸先(xian)容(rong)尺度(du)硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)塊(kuai)測(ce)試的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。這里里面除了(le)電極本身(shen)品(pin)(pin)質以(yi)(yi)外還有一個使(shi)用(yong)和(he)保(bao)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)題目。由于超出其(qi)劃定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)試范圍時，硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)確度(du)及敏(min)捷度(du)較(jiao)差，硬(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)值不(bu)正確，不(bu)宜使(shi)用(yong)。酸度(du)計接電使(shi)用(yong)時要留(liu)意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。以(yi)(yi)下是(shi)安徽賽科環保(bao)為(wei)(wei)大家(jia)精(jing)心(xin)收拾整頓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)疑問，洛(luo)氏硬度計常見(jian)題目的(de)(de)(de)(de)解答(da)(da)，系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)拾整頓(dun)在(zai)一(yi)起，便于(yu)(yu)(yu)結公(gong)道解酸度計原理知識和對比(bi)酸度計產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同之處，共有(you)十幾(ji)處問答(da)(da)，歡迎閱讀珍藏。同時，參(can)比(bi)電極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)接(jie)界(jie)也需(xu)要浸(jin)(jin)泡。而里氏硬(ying)度Hl、肖氏硬(ying)度HS則屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)回跳(tiao)法(fa)(fa)硬(ying)度試(shi)(shi)驗，其(qi)值(zhi)(zhi)代(dai)表金屬彈(dan)性變形(xing)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)假(jia)如(ru)液(ye)接(jie)界(jie)干涸會(hui)使(shi)液(ye)接(jie)界(jie)電勢增大或(huo)不(bu)不(bu)亂，參(can)比(bi)電極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浸(jin)(jin)泡液(ye)必(bi)需(xu)和參(can)比(bi)電極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外參(can)比(bi)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)一(yi)致，即(ji)3.3mol/L KCL溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)或(huo)飽和KCL溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)，浸(jin)(jin)泡時間(jian)一(yi)般幾(ji)小時即(ji)可。氨浸(jin)(jin)泡：當(dang)液(ye)接(jie)界(jie)被氯化銀堵塞(sai)時可用(yong)濃(nong)氨水浸(jin)(jin)除。當(dang)然(ran)，只要在(zai)準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浸(jin)(jin)泡溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中重新浸(jin)(jin)泡數(shu)小時，電極(ji)仍(reng)是會(hui)復(fu)原的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 001pH指(zhi)示電極(ji)有(you)氫(qing)電極(ji)、銻電極(ji)和玻璃電極(ji)等(deng)幾(ji)種，但最常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是玻璃電極(ji)。pH標度：根據pH定義，在(zai)0～14pH范圍(wei)內選擇若(ruo)干個(ge)pH緩沖(chong)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)作為(wei)pH標度的(de)(de)(de)(de)固定點(dian)，并且(qie)采用(yong)當(dang)代(dai)技術(shu)能達到的(de)(de)(de)(de)最正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)測定它(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)pHs值(zhi)(zhi)。我們視人才為(wei)根本、視技術(shu)為(wei)支撐(cheng)。pH丈量(liang)通常有(you)比(bi)色(se)法(fa)(fa)(pH試(shi)(shi)紙或(huo)比(bi)色(se)皿)和電極(ji)法(fa)(fa)二種。還有(you)一(yi)種叫里氏硬(ying)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)，主要是測鋼材(cai)用(yong)，也用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)測其(qi)它(ta)(ta)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，可換算成其(qi)它(ta)(ta)硬(ying)度。維氏硬(ying)度(HV) 以(yi)120kg以(yi)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)載荷和頂角(jiao)為(wei)136°的(de)(de)(de)(de)金剛石(shi)方形(xing)錐壓入(ru)器壓入(ru)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)表面(mian)，用(yong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)壓痕凹(ao)坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)積除以(yi)載荷值(zhi)(zhi)，即(ji)為(wei)維氏硬(ying)度值(zhi)(zhi)(HV)。上海三信儀表廠有(you)瓶裝的(de)(de)(de)(de)電極(ji)浸(jin)(jin)泡液(ye)供給，規格有(you)500ml和50ml二種，這(zhe)些浸(jin)(jin)泡液(ye)中含有(you)防腐劑(ji)成分(fen)，不(bu)會(hui)發霉(mei)和變質，保(bao)質期一(yi)年。硬(ying)度計搬(ban)運硬(ying)度計時必(bi)需(xu)卸下(xia)砝(fa)碼和壓頭(tou)，并在(zai)壓頭(tou)座與樣品臺之間(jian)夾防震膠墊；長途運輸應恢復(fu)原有(you)包(bao)裝。詳(xiang)細方法(fa)(fa)為(wei)：取(qu)下(xia)樣品臺及保(bao)護(hu)環，松開絲(si)杠護(hu)套，向絲(si)杠上注入(ru)數(shu)滴輕質潤(run)滑油(you)，然(ran)后滾動手輪，反復(fu)升降絲(si)杠，使(shi)潤(run)滑油(you)分(fen)布(bu)平均。硬度(du)計因為(wei)檢測(ce)(ce)pH計需(xu)要相應的(de)設備和技術太嗎法(fa)，我(wo)們可以(yi)采(cai)用本書第23條的(de)方法(fa)來(lai)檢測(ce)(ce)pH電極的(de)好壞，也就是可以(yi)確定是新(xin)配一(yi)支pH電極仍是要將(jiang)pH計送去維修。主要用于金屬材(cai)料，方法(fa)是使一(yi)特(te)制的(de)小錘從一(yi)定高度(du)自(zi)由著(zhu)落沖擊被(bei)測(ce)(ce)材(cai)料的(de)試(shi)樣，并以(yi)試(shi)樣在(zai)沖擊過程中儲存（繼而開釋）應變能(neng)的(de)多少（通過小錘的(de)回(hui)跳(tiao)高度(du)測(ce)(ce)定）確定材(cai)料的(de)硬度(du)。

       pH計玻璃(li)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)般可以用(yong)蒸(zheng)餾水(shui)(shui)或pH4緩沖溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)浸(jin)泡(pao)。將壓(ya)(ya)頭球(qiu)(qiu)面朝(chao)外(wai)推入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)測(ce)頭下(xia)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎(shu)孔內，使(shi)其與(yu)剪銷相(xiang)接(jie)(jie)觸。禁止在(zai)壓(ya)(ya)頭與(yu)被測(ce)試(shi)樣接(jie)(jie)觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)，切換試(shi)驗(yan)力(li)，因(yin)為溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)溫度(du)(du)會(hui)影響pH值丈(zhang)量(liang)，在(zai)進行精密丈(zhang)量(liang)時(shi)要(yao)帶(dai)溫度(du)(du)補償計(ji)同時(shi)丈(zhang)量(liang)，特別是(shi)加酸(suan)/堿調(diao)節溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)pH值時(shi)尤為重(zhong)要(yao)；電(dian)極(ji)(ji)用(yong)完后應(ying)(ying)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)沖刷干(gan)凈，盡快浸(jin)泡(pao)在(zai)飽和KCl保(bao)留溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)要(yao)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)長期放置；復合電(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命通常為一(yi)(yi)年，應(ying)(ying)及時(shi)更換，保(bao)持(chi)(chi)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)捷度(du)(du)；玻璃(li)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)敏(min)感膜(mo)壁薄易碎，應(ying)(ying)戴(dai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)套操(cao)縱，不(bu)要(yao)碰碎；關(guan)于(yu)酸(suan)度(du)(du)計(ji)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些日常維(wei)護(hu)(hu)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)丈(zhang)量(liang)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)是(shi)由玻璃(li)材料(liao)制(zhi)成，它(ta)敏(min)捷而(er)易碎，使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)要(yao)格外(wai)小(xiao)心和留意維(wei)護(hu)(hu)，應(ying)(ying)該(gai)特別的(de)(de)(de)(de)留意以下(xia)幾(ji)點(dian)：測(ce)定(ding)：將電(dian)極(ji)(ji)放入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)充分(fen)攪拌的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)，待數值顯(xian)示不(bu)亂(luan)時(shi)候液(ye)(ye)(ye)溫度(du)(du)盡量(liang)保(bao)持(chi)(chi)室溫，不(bu)要(yao)過(guo)熱(re),以防止參比電(dian)極(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)溶(rong)(rong)出，降低鹽橋的(de)(de)(de)(de)流路作(zuo)用(yong)。煮沸液(ye)(ye)(ye)接(jie)(jie)界：銀(yin)－氯(lv)化銀(yin)參比電(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)接(jie)(jie)界浸(jin)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)沸水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)10～20秒。質量(liang)保(bao)證(zheng)，倘若(ruo)您對(dui)(dui)我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)(du)里氏硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)塊(kuai)感愛好，還請(qing)您到時(shi)蒞臨我(wo)公司或致電(dian)詳詢我(wo)們喲！材料(liao)局(ju)部抵(di)擋硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)物(wu)壓(ya)(ya)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)其表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)稱為硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)。校準硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)計(ji)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)(du)塊(kuai)不(bu)能兩面使(shi)用(yong)，因(yin)尺度(du)(du)面與(yu)背(bei)面硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)一(yi)(yi)致。實際上，硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)前面我(wo)們所講的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)(du)緊密親密相(xiang)關(guan)。錘擊(ji)布氏硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)計(ji)依賴錘擊(ji)方式向鋼球(qiu)(qiu)施加試(shi)驗(yan)力(li)，鋼球(qiu)(qiu)在(zai)錘擊(ji)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)瞬間(jian)壓(ya)(ya)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)試(shi)樣，在(zai)試(shi)樣上留下(xia)壓(ya)(ya)痕(hen)，測(ce)出壓(ya)(ya)痕(hen)直徑，查表(biao)，即可得到布氏硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)值。對(dui)(dui)試(shi)件(jian)表(biao)面溫度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求 試(shi)件(jian)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)不(bu)能過(guo)熱(re)，要(yao)求溫度(du)(du)小(xiao)于(yu)120℃。電(dian)極(ji)(ji)塑殼：實驗室PH計電(dian)極塑(su)殼是支持玻璃電(dian)極和液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)接界，盛放外參比溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)殼體，由(you)聚碳酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯塑(su)壓成(cheng)型。特第一點(dian)測試完，硬度計處于正常運行機(ji)制狀態后(hou)再對(dui)試樣進(jin)行正式(shi)(shi)測試，記實測得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。我們需(xu)要從中了解(jie)(jie)其工(gong)作原理，才能(neng)分析出(chu)為什么要這(zhe)(zhe)樣留意的(de)(de)(de)(de)緣由(you)，最(zui)后(hou)才能(neng)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)題目(mu)。假如向(xiang)這(zhe)(zhe)種溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中加入少(shao)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)或堿(jian)，或者在(zai)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)反應產生少(shao)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)或堿(jian)，以(yi)及將溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)適當稀(xi)釋，這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)不(bu)亂不(bu)變(bian)，這(zhe)(zhe)種能(neng)對(dui)抗(kang)少(shao)量酸(suan)(suan)(suan)或堿(jian)或稀(xi)釋，而使pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)易發生變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)稱(cheng)為pH緩沖(chong)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。 洛式(shi)(shi)硬度直接在(zai)表盤上(shang)顯(xian)(xian)示、也(ye)可以(yi)數字顯(xian)(xian)示，操縱利(li)便，快捷直觀，合用于大量出(chu)產中。一般(ban)涉及水(shui)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天然(ran)現象，化(hua)學(xue)變(bian)化(hua)以(yi)及出(chu)產過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)，001都(dou)與pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有關。而且(qie)，氫(qing)離子活度的(de)(de)(de)(de)負對(dui)數值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)夠(gou)表示出(chu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性、堿(jian)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)幅(fu)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)數目(mu)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小，這(zhe)(zhe)樣應用起來就(jiu)十分利(li)便，并由(you)此得(de)到： 硬度計使用前必需(xu)浸泡，由于pH球(qiu)泡是一(yi)種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)膜(mo)，在(zai)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)膜(mo)表(biao)面(mian)有一(yi)很薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)水合(he)凝膠(jiao)層，它(ta)只有在(zai)充分潮濕的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下才能與溶液(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)H+離(li)子有良好的(de)(de)(de)響應。外殼(ke)為玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)就稱為玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)pH復合(he)電(dian)極。用于硬度(du)計的(de)(de)(de)檢修、標定(ding)、校(xiao)準、日(ri)常維(wei)護。動態試驗獲得(de)的(de)(de)(de)布(bu)氏硬度(du)壓(ya)痕(hen)(hen)可能會帶(dai)有一(yi)點橢(tuo)圓，丈量壓(ya)痕(hen)(hen)時應使用讀數顯微鏡(jing)從至少兩(liang)個方向讀取壓(ya)痕(hen)(hen)直(zhi)徑。

        實驗室PH計清洗之后涼干，檢查內充液的量（若太少請填充），再把電極放入貯存液中至少1小時。差值在±2范圍之外時則必須對硬度計進行校正維修或換其他硬度測試法測定。此法可能會使研磨下的砂粒塞入液接界。假如誤差超過0.02pH，則重復第⑴、⑵步驟，直至二種尺度溶液不需要調節旋鈕都能顯示準確的pHs值，若硬度低于此范圍則用洛式硬度B標尺HRB。在出產上使用最廣泛的是靜負荷壓入法試驗，根據壓頭外形、材料及加載大小的不同，硬度可有布氏硬度、洛氏硬度、維氏硬度和顯微硬度，它們合用于不同的材料。玻璃膜一般呈球泡狀，球泡內充入內參比溶液，插入內參比電極(一般用銀/氯化銀電極)，用電極帽封接引出電線，裝上插口，就成為一支pH指示電極。為了能用硬度試驗代替某些機械機能試驗，出產上需要一個比較正確的硬度和強度的換算關系。之所以能成為力學機能試驗的常用方法， 是由于硬度測試能反映出材料在化學成分、組織結構和處理工藝上的差異。掏出電極用蒸餾水洗凈，重新加入內充液后繼承使用。歡迎您的來電咨詢！我公司是著名的尺度表面洛氏硬度塊供給商，公司將信仰“誠信、立異、務實、求精”的企業精神。造成永久性堵塞。蛋白質：用1%胃蛋白酶的鹽酸溶液（HCl濃度為0.1mol/L）浸泡15分鐘，或用10%的次氯酸鈉溶液浸泡5分鐘。取三個尺度緩沖溶液：pH6.86、pH4.00、pH9.18(最好是新鮮配制并且溫度相同)，以pH6.86進行定位校準，以pH4.00進行斜率校準，然后測試pH9.18,pH計是否正確，是否合格立見分曉。以下主要內容為大家先容的是接電后使用酸度計，需要留意的使用。硬度試驗的方法較多，原理也不相同，測得的硬度值和含義也不完全一樣。采用一把3磅（1.5kg）重的錘子，用其平頭一側猛力敲擊測頭的頂部，敲擊力應足夠使剪銷完全斷開。 PH值是水溶液最重要的理化參數之一，水的pH值是表示水中氫離子活度的負對數值，表示為：pH=-lg aH+，pH值有時也稱氫離子指數，因為氫離子活度的數值往往很小，在應用上很不利便，所以就用pH值這一概念來作為水溶液酸性、堿性的判定指標，外參比電極：001為銀/氯化銀電極，作用是提供與保持一個固定的參比電勢，要求電位不亂，重現性好，溫度系數小。因此，硬度不是一個單純的物理量，而是反映材料的彈性、塑性、001強度和韌性等的一種綜合機能指標，尺度表面洛氏硬度塊是我公司的主營產品之一，我們的產品硬度計質量(liang)可(ke)靠，物美價廉，深受泛博(bo)顧客的(de)(de)信賴，并得到了充分的(de)(de)認(ren)可(ke)。目的(de)(de)是使壓(ya)頭(tou)或(huo)砧座(zuo)與試(shi)(shi)驗機(ji)接(jie)觸部門壓(ya)緊，接(jie)觸良好(hao)，以(yi)免(mian)影響試(shi)(shi)驗結果的(de)(de)正確性。測鋼(gang)(gang)材硬(ying)度的(de)(de)參(can)數叫(jiao)洛氏(shi)硬(ying)度（一(yi)般為硬(ying)度較高(gao)的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)材）；測未(wei)經淬火(huo)的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)材、鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)、硬(ying)度計(ji)有色金屬(shu)(shu)及質軟的(de)(de)軸(zhou)承合金材料的(de)(de)參(can)數叫(jiao)布氏(shi)硬(ying)度；測鋁、鋁合金及薄板金屬(shu)(shu)材的(de)(de)參(can)數叫(jiao)維氏(shi)硬(ying)。

      硬度計球泡和液(ye)接界(jie)污染后先用以下(xia)溶(rong)(rong)劑清(qing)洗，再用去(qu)離子水(shui)洗去(qu)溶(rong)(rong)劑，將(jiang)電(dian)極(ji)浸(jin)(jin)入浸(jin)(jin)泡掖中(zhong)活化。長(chang)期不(bu)(bu)用應卸下(xia)妥善(shan)保留，留意防銹。換好后，要用一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼樣(yang)測(ce)試幾回，直到連續兩次所得(de)硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)值(zhi)相(xiang)同為止。 解(jie)答你(ni)關注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)酸(suan)度(du)(du)計(ji)(ji)各(ge)種疑問，砂芯液(ye)接界(jie)：液(ye)接界(jie)是構通外(wai)參比溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)和被測(ce)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)連接部件，要求(qiu)滲透滲出量(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)亂。準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)pH電(dian)極(ji)浸(jin)(jin)泡液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)配制：取(qu)pH4.00緩沖(chong)劑(250ml)一(yi)(yi)包，溶(rong)(rong)于(yu)250ml純水(shui)中(zhong)，001再加入56克分析純KCl，適(shi)當(dang)(dang)加熱，攪拌至完全(quan)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)即(ji)成，是否(fou)清(qing)洗保養，因此這(zhe)(zhe)里面就(jiu)會有很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)來講，一(yi)(yi)支電(dian)極(ji)假如(ru)在(zai)很短的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)內(nei)失效，就(jiu)有可能(neng)是電(dian)極(ji)型(xing)號選擇分歧(qi)錯誤或者使(shi)用者保養不(bu)(bu)當(dang)(dang)，這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況一(yi)(yi)般(ban)出產廠是不(bu)(bu)負責(ze)退賠(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。比色法當(dang)(dang)然不(bu)(bu)要標定(ding)(ding)，而電(dian)極(ji)法就(jiu)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)要標定(ding)(ding)，由于(yu)電(dian)極(ji)法pH丈量(liang)(liang)就(jiu)是將(jiang)未知(zhi)(zhi)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)與已知(zhi)(zhi)pHs值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)(du)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)在(zai)丈量(liang)(liang)電(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)作比較測(ce)定(ding)(ding)，這(zhe)(zhe)是電(dian)極(ji)法pH丈量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“操縱定(ding)(ding)義(yi)”所決定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，采用一(yi)(yi)把3磅（1.5kg）重的(de)(de)(de)(de)錘子，用其平頭一(yi)(yi)側猛力敲(qiao)擊測(ce)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)頂部，敲(qiao)擊力應足夠使(shi)剪銷完全(quan)斷開(kai)，若硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)高(gao)于(yu)此范圍則用洛式硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)A標尺HRA。各(ge)種硬(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)都可互(hu)相(xiang)轉換。大家應該都知(zhi)(zhi)道酸(suan)度(du)(du)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用方法了(le)，還不(bu)(bu)是很明(ming)白(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)朋友可以參考本站儀器儀表知(zhi)(zhi)識中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)PH計(ji)(ji)、酸度計知識欄目(mu)。 001最后重新裝好護套等物。這種錯誤的(de)浸(jin)泡(pao)方法引(yin)起的(de)直(zhi)接后果(guo)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)支機能(neng)良好的(de)pH復合電(dian)極(ji)變(bian)(bian)成一(yi)(yi)支響(xiang)應(ying)慢、精(jing)度差的(de)電(dian)極(ji)，而(er)且浸(jin)泡(pao)時(shi)間(jian)越(yue)長(chang)機能(neng)越(yue)差，由(you)(you)于經由(you)(you)長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)浸(jin)泡(pao)，液接界(jie)內部(bu)(例(li)如砂(sha)芯內部(bu))的(de)KCL濃度已大大降低了，使(shi)(shi)液接界(jie)電(dian)勢增(zeng)大和不(bu)不(bu)亂，電(dian)極(ji)球泡(pao)：它是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)具有(you)氫功能(neng)的(de)鋰玻(bo)璃熔融吹制而(er)成，呈(cheng)球形，膜厚在(zai)0.1～0.2mm左右，電(dian)阻值<250兆歐(25℃)。假(jia)如精(jing)度分歧格(ge)，還(huan)可以進一(yi)(yi)步判定是(shi)(shi)pH計有(you)題目(mu)仍是(shi)(shi)pH電(dian)極(ji)有(you)題目(mu)。使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)時(shi)，應(ying)預備(bei)幾個50ml的(de)聚乙烯小瓶(ping)，將(jiang)大瓶(ping)中(zhong)的(de)緩沖溶(rong)(rong)液倒入(ru)小瓶(ping)中(zhong)，并在(zai)環境溫度下放置1～2小時(shi)，等溫度平衡后再(zai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)。以上總(zong)結(jie)為安徽賽科環保科技(ji)總(zong)編(bian)纂提(ti)供技(ji)術指，參比電(dian)極(ji)在(zai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)留意電(dian)極(ji)內布滿KCl溶(rong)(rong)液，不(bu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)氣泡(pao),001還(huan)要(yao)(yao)留意要(yao)(yao)讓參比電(dian)極(ji)下端毛(mao)細口有(you)極(ji)少量的(de)KCl溶(rong)(rong)液滲出，保持鹽橋(qiao)暢通，使(shi)(shi)測定結(jie)果(guo)正確，將(jiang)測頭放入(ru)套筒中(zhong)。使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)后不(bu)得再(zai)倒回大瓶(ping)中(zhong)，以免(mian)污染，小瓶(ping)中(zhong)的(de)緩沖溶(rong)(rong)液在(zai)>10℃的(de)環境前提(ti)下可以使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)2～3天，一(yi)(yi)般pH7.00、pH6.86及pH4.00三種溶(rong)(rong)液使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)時(shi)間(jian)可以長(chang)一(yi)(yi)些，pH9.18和pH10.01溶(rong)(rong)液因為吸收空氣中(zhong)的(de)CO2，其pH值比較輕易變(bian)(bian)化。

     &nbsp; 影響(xiang)顯(xian)微(wei)硬度值(zhi)的(de)因(yin)(yin)素固然是多(duo)方面的(de)，但只要適當(dang)控制主要因(yin)(yin)素，硬度計顯微(wei)硬(ying)度(du)(du)測試(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仍是(shi)(shi)比較準確和可(ke)(ke)(ke)托(tuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，硬(ying)度(du)(du)計沖(chong)擊裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)頭(tou)具有(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)更換性(xing)。差值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在±2之內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)亂數(shu)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以給出修(xiu)正(zheng)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，日(ri)(ri)常糊口中，人(ren)(ren)(ren)們對材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評價往往愛(ai)用(yong)(yong)硬(ying)來描述，如(ru)鉛就(jiu)被以為(wei)軟(ruan)，鋼就(jiu)被以為(wei)硬(ying)。）標(biao)定好后不(bu)要再(zai)動旋鈕，pH玻(bo)璃(li)電極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)存：短(duan)期：貯(zhu)存在pH＝4的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緩沖(chong)溶液(ye)(ye)中；長期：貯(zhu)存在pH＝7的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緩沖(chong)溶液(ye)(ye)中。統一(yi)(yi)種類沖(chong)擊裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)頭(tou)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以相互替代而不(bu)影響測值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在劃(hua)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)定前(qian)提下，尺(chi)度(du)(du)塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)度(du)(du)平(ping)均(jun)度(du)(du)用(yong)(yong)下面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)確定：d5-d1。污染嚴峻時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)5％HF溶液(ye)(ye)浸(jin)10～20分鐘，立刻(ke)用(yong)(yong)水沖(chong)刷干凈(jing)，然(ran)(ran)后浸(jin)入0.1NHCl溶液(ye)(ye)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)夜后繼承(cheng)(cheng)使用(yong)(yong)，電極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量保證期限，以沒(mei)有(you)(you)經(jing)由(you)使用(yong)(yong)為(wei)條件，期限一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，因此良多人(ren)(ren)(ren)就(jiu)籠統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講電極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，實在這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)分歧(qi)錯誤(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)壓(ya)入法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)度(du)(du)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)材料表面抵(di)擋(dang)另一(yi)(yi)物體壓(ya)入時(shi)所引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塑(su)(su)(su)性(xing)變(bian)形(xing)抗(kang)力(li)；刻(ke)劃(hua)法(fa)硬(ying)度(du)(du)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)表示材料表面局部破裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)。外殼(ke)(ke)為(wei)塑(su)(su)(su)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)稱(cheng)為(wei)塑(su)(su)(su)殼(ke)(ke)pH復(fu)合電極(ji)。我們秉承(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)至(zhi)誠(cheng)、為(wei)質至(zhi)先、為(wei)技至(zhi)精、為(wei)商至(zhi)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營理念服務(wu)于泛博(bo)客戶(hu)，動態(tai)試(shi)驗獲得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布氏硬(ying)度(du)(du)壓(ya)痕可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)會(hui)帶(dai)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)點橢圓，丈量壓(ya)痕時(shi)應使用(yong)(yong)讀(du)數(shu)顯微(wei)鏡從至(zhi)少兩(liang)個方(fang)向(xiang)讀(du)取壓(ya)痕直徑。可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)CCl4或皂液(ye)(ye)揩去(qu)污物，然(ran)(ran)后浸(jin)入蒸餾(liu)水一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)夜后繼承(cheng)(cheng)使用(yong)(yong)。由(you)于硬(ying)度(du)(du)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)由(you)起始塑(su)(su)(su)性(xing)變(bian)形(xing)抗(kang)力(li)和繼承(cheng)(cheng)塑(su)(su)(su)性(xing)變(bian)形(xing)抗(kang)力(li)決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)(du)越高，塑(su)(su)(su)性(xing)變(bian)形(xing)抗(kang)力(li)越高，硬(ying)度(du)(du)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也就(jiu)越高。電極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)般使用(yong)(yong)時(shi)間為(wei)半年(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，硬度計使(shi)用前(qian)提差的(de)產業pH電(dian)極時(shi)間可能(neng)更短一(yi)些。回火溫(wen)度越高(gao)，保溫(wen)時(shi)間越長(chang)，硬度越低。錘(chui)擊布氏硬度計依(yi)賴錘(chui)擊方式向鋼球施加試(shi)驗力，鋼球在錘(chui)擊力的(de)作用下瞬(shun)間壓入試(shi)樣，在試(shi)樣上留下壓痕，測出壓痕直徑，查(cha)表，即可得到布氏硬度值。留意，下一(yi)次煮沸前(qian)，應將電(dian)極冷卻(que)到室溫(wen)。洛(luo)氏(shi)硬度計(ji)對于一般的(de)pH丈(zhang)量(liang)，可(ke)使(shi)用(yong)成套的(de)pH緩沖試(shi)劑(可(ke)配制(zhi)250ml)，配制(zhi)溶液(ye)時，應使(shi)用(yong)去(qu)離(li)子(zi)水，并預先煮沸15～30分鐘(zhong)，以除去(qu)溶解的(de)二氧化碳(tan)。布(bu)氏硬(ying)(ying)度(du)計之(zhi)壓頭為(wei)淬硬(ying)(ying)鋼球(qiu)HBS或硬(ying)(ying)質合(he)金球(qiu)HBW，試(shi)驗載(zai)荷隨球(qiu)直徑不同而(er)不同，從3000到31.25公(gong)斤力。 pH表度(du)范圍定為(wei)0～14pH，001標度(du)的(de)量(liang)值(zhi)由基準緩沖溶液(ye)的(de)pHs值(zhi)確(que)定。對應的(de)污染(ran)物(wu)和(he)清洗劑如(ru)下(xia)：為(wei)了(le)使(shi)pH復合(he)電極(ji)使(shi)用(yong)更加利便，一些(xie)入(ru)口(kou)的(de)pH復合(he)電極(ji)和(he)部門國產電極(ji)(如(ru)上海三(san)信(xin)儀表廠的(de)產品)，都在pH復合(he)電極(ji)頭部裝有一個密封(feng)的(de)塑料小(xiao)瓶(ping)，內(nei)裝電極(ji)浸泡(pao)液(ye)，電極(ji)頭長(chang)期浸泡(pao)其中，使(shi)用(yong)時拔出洗凈就可(ke)以，非常利便。