在線PH計變(bian)送(song)器顯(xian)示值(zhi)波(bo)動大(da)這個題(ti)目肯(ken)定(ding)是(shi)很少泛起的，入(ru)口PH計(ji)(ji)(ji)題(ti)目不(bu)會多，偶(ou)然會泛起這種題(ti)目。切忌用洗(xi)滌液或其(qi)他吸水(shui)性試劑浸(jin)洗(xi)。目前實驗室酸(suan)度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)都是(shi)復合(he)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)，其(qi)長處(chu)是(shi)使用利便(bian)，不(bu)受氧化性或還原(yuan)性物質的影響(xiang)，且(qie)平衡速(su)度(du)較(jiao)快。按(an)“溫度(du)設定(ding)”鍵(jian)使溫度(du)指示燈處(chu)于溫度(du)設定(ding)位(wei)置，此時顯(xian)示屏第(di)一(yi)位(wei)閃爍顯(xian)示，用“→”鍵(jian)移動設定(ding)位(wei)，同時，按(an)“↑”鍵(jian)使溫度(du)顯(xian)示值(zhi)為(wei)被(bei)測(ce)尺度(du)溶液此時的溫度(du)值(zhi),再(zai)按(an)一(yi)下(xia)“確(que)(que)認(ren)”鍵(jian)確(que)(que)認(ren)。 (2)在高(gao)阻抗狀態下(xia)，輸入(ru)一(yi)固定(ding)信(xin)號(hao)時電(dian)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的讀數(shu)變(bian)化。pH--表示被(bei)測(ce)溶液pH值(zhi)，E0--電(dian)極(ji)(ji)系統零電(dian)位(wei)，F--法拉(la)第(di)常數(shu)(9.648×104C·mol-1，T--絕(jue)對溫度(du)[(273.15 t℃)K]，其(qi)中：R--氣體常數(shu)[8.314J/(mol·K)]，E=E0-2.3026RT/F×pH，精密酸(suan)度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(PH計(ji)(ji)(ji))采用由丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)及(ji)參比電(dian)極(ji)(ji)組合(he)在一(yi)起的塑殼復合(he)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)作為(wei)pH丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)。清洗(xi)時，把電(dian)極(ji)(ji)浸(jin)入(ru)到清洗(xi)溶液中至少5min，以便(bian)清洗(xi)介(jie)質滲透(tou)污物。留意(yi)：實驗室PH計為了避免溶(rong)(rong)液灑出，同時(shi)不(bu)要(yao)讓溶(rong)(rong)液在刻(ke)度線(xian)上面沿(yan)瓶(ping)壁流下，用玻璃(li)棒(bang)引流。丈(zhang)量時(shi),電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)引入導線(xian)應(ying)保(bao)(bao)持靜(jing)止,否則會引起(qi)丈(zhang)量不(bu)不(bu)亂。使用前，檢(jian)查玻璃(li)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)前真個球泡。在線(xian)PH的(de)選(xuan)型上需要(yao)參(can)考哪些工藝參(can)數(shu)？注：旁路的(de)選(xuan)取一定(ding)要(yao)在丈(zhang)量介質(zhi)活動(dong)，切(qie)長期有(you)液體(ti)的(de)地方。當電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓起(qi)伏(fu)變化(hua)(hua)時(shi)，放大(da)元件(jian)特性工作狀態改(gai)變，電(dian)(dian)路元件(jian)參(can)數(shu)隨附近溫度變化(hua)(hua)和工作時(shi)間延(yan)續，在輸(shu)入為零時(shi)輸(shu)出有(you)起(qi)伏(fu)變化(hua)(hua)，即零點漂移。 (用玻璃(li)棒(bang)引流) ，轉移，洗(xi)滌：把溶(rong)(rong)解好(hao)(hao)的(de)溶(rong)(rong)液移入1實驗(yan)室PH計ml容量瓶(ping)，用容量瓶(ping)瓶(ping)口較(jiao)細的(de) 。因此純水pH丈(zhang)量，必需采用大(da)接界(jie)面的(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)，同時(shi)保(bao)(bao)持接界(jie)面流速恒定(ding)且(qie)小(xiao)，這(zhe)樣才能保(bao)(bao)證不(bu)亂的(de)接界(jie)面！而傳統的(de)加(jia)KCL溶(rong)(rong)液電(dian)(dian)極(ji)，陶瓷芯截面很小(xiao)，這(zhe)樣接界(jie)電(dian)(dian)位就很大(da)，而若改(gai)為磨砂口或增加(jia)陶瓷芯，KCL溶(rong)(rong)液又大(da)量滲透滲出而污染溶(rong)(rong)液，這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)極(ji)是實驗(yan)室PH計不(bu)相宜測純水的(de)，現我賽科環保(bao)(bao)采用目(mu)前國(guo)外最流行(xing)大(da)截面的(de)環形Teflon隔膜，很好(hao)(hao)地解決這(zhe)些題目(mu)。ph值計算公式大(da)，pH = p Ka°-logC酸 / C堿-log［H+］ =-logKa°-logC酸 / C堿將該式兩邊取負對數(shu)，得：x = ［H+］ = Ka°C酸 / C堿，因Ka°值較(jiao)小(xiao)，且(qie)因存在同離子效應(ying)，x很小(xiao)，C酸-x≈C酸，C堿+x≈C堿，所以x = Ka°（C酸-x）/ （C堿+x）Ka°= x（C堿+x）/ （C酸-x）平衡時(shi)：C酸-x  x  C堿+xNH4+ H+ +  NH3，實驗(yan)室PH計對于(yu)弱(ruo)堿及弱(ruo)堿鹽組(zu)成的(de)緩(huan)沖溶(rong)(rong)液，如NH3-NH4+緩(huan)沖溶(rong)(rong)液。 (3)酸度(du)計(ji)取下電極護套后,應避免電極的敏感玻璃泡與硬物接觸,由于任何破損或擦毛都使電極失效。由于都是加在總管路上，好幾套裝置公用，所以在投產以后就很少有泊車的機會.。還有接觸充不充分等等。 
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       清洗電(dian)極后，不要用(yong)濾(lv)紙擦拭玻璃(li)膜，而應(ying)用(yong)濾(lv)紙吸(xi)干， 避免(mian)損(sun)壞玻璃(li)薄(bo)膜、防止交叉(cha)污(wu)染，影(ying)響(xiang)丈量(liang)精度。總之，在農藥劑型實(shi)驗(yan)室中(zhong)ph計(ji)仍(reng)是(shi)必需(xu)配備的(de)(de)，無論(lun)是(shi)粗測(ce)仍(reng)是(shi)精確測(ce)試(shi)，對(dui)于實(shi)驗(yan)室中(zhong)仍(reng)是(shi)有相稱的(de)(de)匡助和(he)可用(yong)性的(de)(de)。應(ying)有少許氯(lv)化(hua)鉀結晶存在，以(yi)使(shi)溶液保持飽和(he)狀態，使(shi) 用(yong)時撥去(qu)電(dian)極上頂真個橡皮塞，從毛(mao)細管中(zhong)流出(chu)少量(liang)的(de)(de)氯(lv)化(hua)鉀溶液，使(shi)測(ce)定結果可靠。紅酒(jiu)酸(suan)度的(de)(de)測(ce)定方法(fa)其中(zhong)白酒(jiu)和(he)葡(pu)萄汁則不用(yong)PH計(ji), 加(jia)4-5滴酚酞, 直接滴定到粉紅色微微泛起時記實(shi)堿的(de)(de)體(ti)積, 酸度(du)計乘以0.75即(ji)可. 在新的(de)儀(yi)器儀(yi)表購入時(shi)，使用(yong)之前(qian)不免(mian)要問到一(yi)(yi)些題目，酸(suan)度計(ji)購前(qian)使用(yong)疑問想必會良多，下紅酒(jiu)酸(suan)度的(de)測定方法PH高(gao)于6時(shi)留意減緩滴定速度, 此時(shi)PH值變(bian)化很快(kuai)，所(suo)用(yong)NaOH溶液體積(ji)(ji)的(de)毫升數 * 0.75 = 每(mei)升酒(jiu)里的(de)酸(suan)總量(克)，當PH計(ji)數值達到8.2時(shi), 休止加堿. 記實體積(ji)(ji). 一(yi)(yi)邊(bian)攪拌酒(jiu)樣一(yi)(yi)邊(bian)滴加NaOH溶液, 一(yi)(yi)邊(bian)觀察PH計(ji). 10毫升紅酒(jiu)樣在燒杯里.PH計(ji)探針浸泡在液體里，把校準(zhun)完的(de)PH計(ji)用(yong)試管夾固定在小(xiao)燒杯上(shang)方。云儀(yi)提供優質產業PH計(ji)，在線式PH計將電極置于被測(ce)溶液中(zhong),按“mV”鍵，“mV”指示(shi)燈亮。最(zui)后要對傳(chuan)感器進行(xing)漂洗，用凈水或(huo)(huo)鹽溶液(KCl)浸泡。留意的就(jiu)是，千(qian)萬不(bu)要把復合電極在(zai)純水中(zhong)浸泡。但是,選擇高分辨率的儀器可以最(zui)大限(xian)度地克服或(huo)(huo)消除(chu)電計對測(ce)試誤差的影響。實驗室PH計玻(bo)璃(li)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)與(yu)強吸水(shui)溶(rong)(rong)劑接觸(chu)太(tai)久，在(zai)強堿溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)應(ying)盡快操(cao)縱，用(yong)(yong)畢立(li)刻(ke)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)洗(xi)凈，玻(bo)璃(li)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)球泡(pao)(pao)(pao)膜很(hen)(hen)薄，不(bu)(bu)能與(yu)玻(bo)璃(li)杯及硬物相碰；玻(bo)璃(li)膜沾上(shang)(shang)油(you)污時(shi)，應(ying)先用(yong)(yong)酒精(jing)，再(zai)用(yong)(yong)四氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)碳或乙醚，最后(hou)用(yong)(yong)酒精(jing)浸泡(pao)(pao)(pao)，再(zai)用(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)洗(xi)凈。復合電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)外參(can)比增補液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)3mol/L氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)鉀溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),增補液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)端小(xiao)孔加入(ru),復合電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)使用(yong)(yong)時(shi),拉上(shang)(shang)橡(xiang)皮套,防止增補液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)干涸。用(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)清洗(xi)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。當溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氫離子活(huo)度(du)發(fa)生(sheng)變化(hua)(hua)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)動勢也(ye)(ye)隨之(zhi)發(fa)生(sheng)變化(hua)(hua)。也(ye)(ye)可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)好的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一一替代(dai)丈量(liang)(liang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)判別(bie)。假如(ru)你(ni)按上(shang)(shang)面在(zai)20℃校正(zheng)pH計(ji)后(hou)仍在(zai)20℃測(ce)定(ding)pH9.18硼砂緩沖(chong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，pH顯(xian)示應(ying)為(wei)9.23，而(er)不(bu)(bu)是9.18，而(er)在(zai)30℃測(ce)定(ding)pH9.18硼砂緩沖(chong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，pH顯(xian)示應(ying)為(wei)9.14，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)是9.18。正(zheng)常情(qing)況下，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)該(gai)透明而(er)無裂(lie)紋;球泡(pao)(pao)(pao)內要(yao)(yao)布滿溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，不(bu)(bu)能有(you)氣泡(pao)(pao)(pao)存在(zai)。使用(yong)(yong)時(shi)，留意(yi)將電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輕輕甩幾下。儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)時(shi),將Q9短(duan)路(lu)插(cha)(cha)頭(tou)插(cha)(cha)入(ru)插(cha)(cha)座,防止灰塵及水(shui)汽(qi)浸入(ru)。定(ding)容(rong)：加水(shui)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)接近刻(ke)度(du)2-3厘米時(shi)，改(gai)用(yong)(yong)膠(jiao)頭(tou)滴管加蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)刻(ke)度(du)，這個操(cao)縱叫定(ding)容(rong)。酸度(du)計(ji)因(yin)為(wei)每支電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)零電(dian)(dian)位轉換系(xi)(xi)數與(yu)理(li)論值有(you)差別(bie),而(er)且各不(bu)(bu)相同(tong)。電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)形式設置分(fen)歧錯誤(wu)，非常吻合你(ni)說的(de)(de)現(xian)象7在(zai)線PH計(ji)安裝方(fang)法被越(yue)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)越(yue)多(duo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業關注(zhu)，因(yin)為(wei)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)線分(fen)析儀(yi)(yi)表越(yue)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)越(yue)多(duo)的(de)(de)加入(ru)運用(yong)(yong)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，自動化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)在(zai)進步，越(yue)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)越(yue)多(duo)在(zai)線分(fen)析儀(yi)(yi)表將會應(ying)用(yong)(yong)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)現(xian)場，避免(mian)化(hua)(hua)驗室取樣分(fen)析，然(ran)后(hou)操(cao)縱工再(zai)去修改(gai)操(cao)縱參(can)，這樣固然(ran)精(jing)確。為(wei)保(bao)證溶(rong)(rong)質盡可(ke)能全部(bu)轉移(yi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)瓶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)該(gai)用(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)洗(xi)滌燒杯和(he)玻(bo)璃(li)棒二、三次，并將每次洗(xi)滌后(hou)的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)都注(zhu)入(ru)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)瓶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。另外跟工礦有(you)很(hen)(hen)大(da)關系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)，含(han)硫，含(han)堿的(de)(de)工況要(yao)(yao)特別(bie)留意(yi)。精(jing)密PH計(ji)概述使用(yong)(yong)方(fang)法，通過丈量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)動勢的(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)值，從(cong)而(er)求得被測(ce)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)pH值。克服這種漂移(yi)必需(xu)使放大(da)器(qi)有(you)較好的(de)(de)動態輸入(ru)阻抗特性，輸入(ru)回(hui)路(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流小(xiao)而(er)不(bu)(bu)亂。現(xian)就檢(jian)定(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)碰到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)題(ti)目(mu)(mu)闡述如(ru)下。如(ru)測(ce)定(ding)含(han)蛋(dan)白(bai)質的(de)(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)pH時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表面被蛋(dan)白(bai)質污染，導致(zhi)讀數不(bu)(bu)可(ke)靠，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)不(bu)(bu)亂，泛起(qi)誤(wu)差，這時(shi)可(ke)將電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)浸泡(pao)(pao)(pao)在(zai)稀HCl(0.1mol/L)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)4 －6分(fen)鐘來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)矯(jiao)正(zheng)。這樣既便于(yu)教(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)授教(jiao)(jiao)養，也(ye)(ye)便于(yu)學生(sheng)的(de)(de)理(li)解和(he)記(ji)憶。

        酸度(du)計常(chang)用(yong)的(de)酸(suan)度計(ji)(ji)溫度補償功能(neng)一(yi)般可(ke)分為手動調節(jie)(jie)和自動調節(jie)(jie)。ph值計(ji)(ji)算公式(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)全，pH = 14 -pKb°+ logC堿 / C鹽，又因(yin)pH = 14 - pOH，所以在(zai)線式(shi)(shi)(shi)PH計(ji)(ji)這就是計(ji)(ji)算一(yi)元(yuan)弱(ruo)酸(suan)及弱(ruo)酸(suan)鹽組(zu)成的(de)緩沖溶液(ye)(ye)pH值的(de)通式(shi)(shi)(shi)。酸(suan)度計(ji)(ji)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)掏出，重復步驟(zou)3洗凈電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)后，將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)浸(jin)入pH4.01緩沖溶液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)，重復步驟(zou)8，)實驗室PH計(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)用(yong)蒸餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)洗凈后，用(yong)濾紙吸干。玻璃電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)在(zai)初次使(shi)用(yong)前，必需在(zai)蒸餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)浸(jin)泡一(yi)日夜以上，平時也應浸(jin)泡在(zai)蒸餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)以備隨(sui)時使(shi)用(yong)。保持其活性敏(min)捷度，延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)使(shi)用(yong)壽命。實(shi)驗室PH計球泡或(huo)堵(du)塞(sai)液(ye)(ye)接(jie)界的(de)(de)(de)絕技(ji)而使(shi)極(ji)鈍化,會泛起斜(xie)率(lv)降低(di)(di),顯示讀數不準(zhun)現(xian)象。在(zai)這種(zhong)情(qing)況下(xia)，就要(yao)(yao)借助緩(huan)(huan)沖溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)來不亂(luan)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)pH值(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)維持反(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)進行。光(guang)電電極(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是丈量(liang)H+離(li)子(zi)(zi)，但不夠正(zheng)確，丈量(liang)范(fan)圍小(xiao)，沖溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)pH值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)算公式，根據緩(huan)(huan)沖溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)大致可分(fen)為兩大類型。 PH電極(ji)清洗雜質主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)幾種(zhong)清洗情(qing)況②PH計(ji)(ji)玻(bo)璃電極(ji)有(you)很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)內阻(zu)（產業用玻(bo)璃電極(ji)電阻(zu)一(yi)般小(xiao)于500MΩ），其(qi)(qi)大小(xiao)不僅與(yu)(yu)玻(bo)璃膜的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)和厚度有(you)關(guan)，同時(shi)與(yu)(yu)溫度有(you)關(guan)（成(cheng)指數關(guan)系，溫度每降低(di)(di)10℃，阻(zu)值(zhi)約增大1倍）。(4)儀器所(suo)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)電源應(ying)(ying)有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)地(di)。用試(shi)紙是簡(jian)樸估計(ji)(ji)，但做實驗時(shi)有(you)需要(yao)(yao)了解清晰(xi)的(de)(de)(de)仍是需要(yao)(yao)配備(bei)一(yi)個(ge)ph計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)。因此(ci)，純(chun)(chun)水(shui)中(zhong)pH值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)丈量(liang)，應(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)避(bi)(bi)免使(shi)用添加(jia)氯(lv)化鉀（KCL）溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)電極(ji)。隔(ge)膜中(zhong)填(tian)充(chong)的(de)(de)(de)高分(fen)子(zi)(zi)聚合物可以(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)證恒定且(qie)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)流速(su)（10-8 /小(xiao)時(shi)，而陶瓷(ci)隔(ge)膜電極(ji)為1滴/5分(fen)鐘），這樣避(bi)(bi)免了KCL滲透滲出(chu)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)純(chun)(chun)水(shui)污染，又保(bao)持了接(jie)界電位的(de)(de)(de)不亂(luan)。另外，pH測定的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確性取決于尺度緩(huan)(huan)沖液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確性。影(ying)響(xiang)電計(ji)(ji)零點漂移的(de)(de)(de)因素(su)較多，特別(bie)是直(zhi)接(jie)耦合式放大器，難以(yi)(yi)(yi)完全克服零點漂移的(de)(de)(de)嚴峻影(ying)響(xiang)。(9)電極(ji)避(bi)(bi)免與(yu)(yu)有(you)機硅油接(jie)觸(chu)。切(qie)忌用洗滌(di)液(ye)(ye)或(huo)其(qi)(qi)他吸水(shui)性試(shi)劑浸洗。在線式PH計有(you)些(xie)也會用(yong)試(shi)紙。(7)電極應與輸入阻抗(kang)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)pH計(≥1012Ω)配(pei)套,以(yi)使(shi)其保持良(liang)好的(de)(de)特性。由于(yu)PH的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)本身也可以(yi)反(fan)映制劑內部的(de)(de)一些(xie)變(bian)化(hua)，在缺乏反(fan)映制劑微(wei)觀變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)儀器手段前提(ti)下，PH也可以(yi)作為一個大(da)致衡量產品(pin)有(you)沒(mei)有(you)變(bian)質的(de)(de)手段。 　清洗電極后(hou)，不(bu)要用(yong)濾(lv)紙擦拭玻(bo)璃(li)膜(mo)，而應用(yong)濾(lv)紙吸干， 避免損壞玻(bo)璃(li)薄膜(mo)、防止(zhi)交叉(cha)污染(ran)，影響丈量精度。總之，在農藥劑型(xing)實驗室(shi)中ph計仍(reng)是必(bi)需配(pei)備的(de)(de)，無論是粗(cu)測(ce)仍(reng)是精確測(ce)試(shi)，對于(yu)實驗室(shi)中仍(reng)是有(you)相(xiang)稱(cheng)的(de)(de)匡助和(he)可用(yong)性的(de)(de)。應有(you)少許(xu)氯化(hua)鉀結(jie)(jie)晶存在，以(yi)使(shi)溶液保持飽(bao)和(he)狀(zhuang)態，使(shi) 用(yong)時撥去電極上(shang)頂真個橡皮塞，從毛細(xi)管中流出少量的(de)(de)氯化(hua)鉀溶液，使(shi)測(ce)定結(jie)(jie)果可靠(kao)。

        溫(wen)度補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)原理：當丈(zhang)量樣品時，儀(yi)器將根據(ju)溫(wen)度傳感器感應(ying)到的(de)(de)(de)樣品溫(wen)度值(zhi)自動補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)數值(zhi)，利用(yong)(yong)尺度檢定儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)pH發(fa)生(sheng)器（能產生(sheng)0℃—100℃不(bu)同溫(wen)度點(dian)pH值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)應(ying)電勢）對pH計的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)器重(zhong)新進(jin)行(xing)(xing)其(qi)旋鈕位置的(de)(de)(de)校正，給予準確的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)，使(shi)丈(zhang)量得到的(de)(de)(de)待測(ce)溶(rong)液(ye)自動經(jing)由溫(wen)度補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)后折算(suan)成(cheng)25度下的(de)(de)(de)pH值(zhi)。以上(shang)兩種類型的(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)沖溶(rong)液(ye)因為(wei)組成(cheng)不(bu)同，其(qi)計算(suan)pH值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)公式也不(bu)相(xiang)同。手動溫(wen)度補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)：置于(yu)手動位置，調(diao)(diao)節(jie)“溫(wen)度調(diao)(diao)節(jie)器”，使(shi)數字顯示值(zhi)與被測(ce)溶(rong)液(ye)中溫(wen)度計顯示值(zhi)相(xiang)同，儀(yi)器同樣將該溫(wen)度訊號送入(ru)pH– t混合電路(lu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)運算(suan)，從(cong)而達得手動溫(wen)度補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。有時候用(yong)(yong)手晃晃專用(yong)(yong)電纜(lan)，在(zai)線式PH計(ji)或者摸一(yi)下253的(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬外殼，pH讀數都會發生很大(da)變(bian)(bian)化；1、接地不好(hao)，包括(kuo)變(bian)(bian)送器(qi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)那(nei)段管路，假(jia)定溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)pH基本不變(bian)(bian)，在(zai)線PH計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)送器(qi)顯示(shi)值波動大(da)讀數常(chang)常(chang)跳躍的(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)見原因是：結合你(ni)換變(bian)(bian)送器(qi)后故(gu)障消失，所以我分析是無意偶然，假(jia)如你(ni)那(nei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候根(gen)本沒換緩沖液(ye)(ye)(ye)，pH大(da)概(gai)也會亂跳，湊巧了。本身對(dui)于農藥制劑(ji)開發這(zhe)(zhe)個實驗(yan)(yan)，仍(reng)是要做出(chu)(chu)精確點比較好(hao)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣可(ke)以調試出(chu)(chu)實驗(yan)(yan)相對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反應效果(guo)。丈量(liang)(liang)濃度較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，盡量(liang)(liang)縮(suo)短丈量(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間，用后仔細(xi)清(qing)洗，防止被測液(ye)(ye)(ye)粘附在(zai)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)上而污(wu)染電(dian)(dian)極(ji)。一(yi)、精密PH計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)概(gai)述實驗(yan)(yan)室PH計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)NH4+的(de)(de)(de)(de)Ka°一(yi)般化學手冊上沒有直接列出(chu)(chu)，但我們可(ke)根(gen)據共軛酸堿對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)Ka°與Kb°的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)，Ka°= Kw°/ Kb°，即可(ke)以根(gen)據NH3的(de)(de)(de)(de)Kb°就(jiu)可(ke)求出(chu)(chu)共軛酸NH4+的(de)(de)(de)(de)Ka°。PH計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)有這(zhe)(zhe)么幾(ji)種，因為(wei)PH計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)極(ji)為(wei)精細(xi)，所以去除粘在(zai)PH計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)物需要有足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐心，并且在(zai)清(qing)洗過(guo)程中(zhong)要使用適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全裝置。在(zai)線PH計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)送器(qi)顯示(shi)值不不亂波動太大(da)，在(zai)剛開始使用時(shi)(shi)(shi)尺度液(ye)(ye)(ye)校正后2個小時(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)泛起(qi)故(gu)障。去現場看到那(nei)樣直接插入管內，就(jiu)讓休(xiu)止施工了，安(an)上后就(jiu)沒法拆(chai)下來(lai)檢驗(yan)(yan)。使用時(shi)(shi)(shi)，酸度(du)計將電(dian)極(ji)加液(ye)口上所(suo)套的(de)橡膠套和下真個(ge)橡皮套全取(qu)下，以保持電(dian)極(ji)內氯化鉀溶液(ye)的(de)液(ye)壓差。各種PH計(ji)在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥制(zhi)劑(ji)開(kai)發(fa)行業的(de)應用.在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥制(zhi)劑(ji)行業中酸度計(ji)的(de)使用是(shi)什么(me)？在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥制(zhi)劑(ji)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)實驗室(主(zhu)要以水(shui)乳劑(ji)，微乳劑(ji)，懸浮劑(ji)為主(zhu))，實驗室PH計有些(xie)可(ke)能只需(xu)(xu)要一個(ge)(ge)ph試紙(zhi)測定個(ge)(ge)范圍就行了，但(dan)我(wo)個(ge)(ge)人以為，出于一個(ge)(ge)好的劑型(xing)需(xu)(xu)要明(ming)確其pH值變化范圍，用pH試紙(zhi)測定的話是不(bu)(bu)是太粗(cu)放(fang)了。接(jie)界(jie)電位的不(bu)(bu)亂與(yu)否，直接(jie)影響pH丈(zhang)量的不(bu)(bu)亂性。 在線(xian)式PH計選擇適當的清(qing)洗溶液能使這項工作變得輕(qing)易(yi)一些(xie)。設(she)NH3的濃度(du)為C堿（mol·L-1），NH4+的濃度(du)為C酸（mol·L-1），在溶液中存在下列(lie)平(ping)衡。

        PH計清除以前的(de)校(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)數(shu)據：按(an)(an)(an)“SETUP”鍵， 顯(xian)示屏顯(xian)示“Clear buffer”, 按(an)(an)(an)“ENTER”鍵確認,將(jiang)模式至于“pH”狀態(tai)(tai),上(shang)(shang)述兩點知(zhi)足，可(ke)以進(jin)行(xing)校(xiao)(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)式PH計(ji)預(yu)備好pH6.86、pH4.01和pH9.18的(de)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)溶(rong)液,實(shi)驗室PH計(ji)長時(shi)間不(bu)用(yong)(yong)校(xiao)(xiao)正題目首先(xian)檢查一下(xia)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)否一直浸泡于電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)儲存液中,PH計(ji)測得(de)PH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)以轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成%，這(zhe)里不(bu)知(zhi)道提到(dao)(dao)％是(shi)(shi)什么，滴定酸的(de)重量(liang)比嗎？總(zong)酸含量(liang)與pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)線(xian)(xian)性或其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)函數(shu)關系(xi)，pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)氫離子(zi)濃度(du)的(de)對(dui)數(shu)表(biao)示，他(ta)(ta)與總(zong)酸含量(liang)，酸的(de)種類和葡萄(tao)酒內其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)含量(liang)有(you)關系(xi)，因而(er)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)直接轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換關系(xi).電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換器(選(xuan)購件)專為配用(yong)(yong)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)時(shi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),平(ping)時(shi)留意(yi)防潮(chao)防塵。把電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)放入(ru)第(di)二(er)個(ge)尺(chi)(chi)度(du)溶(rong)液中(根據將(jiang)要(yao)測pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樣(yang)品(pin)溶(rong)液是(shi)(shi)酸性或堿性選(xuan)擇相近pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)尺(chi)(chi)度(du)溶(rong)液,同時(shi)其(qi)(qi)pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與第(di)一個(ge)尺(chi)(chi)度(du)溶(rong)液相差不(bu)超過3個(ge)pH單(dan)位(wei))，按(an)(an)(an)“pH/pH標定”鍵使(shi)(shi)儀(yi)器處于pH測定狀態(tai)(tai)，待讀(du)數(shu)不(bu)亂后再按(an)(an)(an)下(xia)“pH/pH標定”鍵，使(shi)(shi)儀(yi)器處于pH標定狀態(tai)(tai)，并按(an)(an)(an)“→”“↑”鍵使(shi)(shi)顯(xian)示值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為當時(shi)溫度(du)下(xia)尺(chi)(chi)度(du)溶(rong)液的(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，再按(an)(an)(an)“確認”鍵確認。這(zhe)些得(de)留意(yi)。所(suo)(suo)以在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)儀(yi)表(biao)也(ye)會(hui)越來越重要(yao)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)無機化學的(de)教(jiao)授教(jiao)中，為了使(shi)(shi)學生(sheng)根據反(fan)應(ying)所(suo)(suo)要(yao)控制(zhi)的(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)范圍，能準(zhun)(zhun)確選(xuan)擇和配制(zhi)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)溶(rong)液，就需要(yao)要(yao)求學生(sheng)對(dui)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)溶(rong)液pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)計(ji)算公式純熟把握并能靈(ling)活應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。并提出若干(gan)PH計(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)竅門。 把復合電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)裝在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)桿上(shang)(shang)，將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)插頭插入(ru)儀(yi)器后部的(de)丈量(liang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)插座內。如是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)的(de)PH計(ji)安裝方(fang)式，可(ke)能接觸到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)丈量(liang)玻(bo)璃球泡，介質(zhi)有(you)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)PH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，對(dui)探頭有(you)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)侵(qin)蝕性，有(you)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)附著(zhu)性，附著(zhu)物會(hui)不(bu)會(hui)洗(xi)不(bu)掉，沖(chong)不(bu)掉之(zhi)類的(de)情況。影響在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)PH計(ji)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)溫度(du)因素及原因分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)；溫度(du)因素。很多化學反(fan)應(ying)（包括(kuo)生(sheng)物化學反(fan)應(ying)）需要(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一定的(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)范圍內進(jin)行(xing)，然(ran)而(er)某(mou)些反(fan)應(ying)有(you)H+或OH-的(de)天生(sheng)或消耗(hao)，在線式PH計溶液(ye)(ye)的(de)pH值會(hui)隨反應的(de)進行(xing)而(er)發生(sheng)變化，從而(er)影響(xiang)反應的(de)正常(chang)進行(xing)。自動溫(wen)度補償：置于自動位置，儀(yi)器就可(ke)(ke)進行(xing)pH值自動溫(wen)度補償狀態(tai)，此(ci)時手動溫(wen)度補償不起作(zuo)用(yong)。這樣我們(men)就將兩種不同類型的(de)緩沖溶液(ye)(ye)pH值的(de)計(ji)算公式同一起來(lai)了(le)。你(ni)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)試驗證明。因此(ci)純水pH值的(de)丈量必(bi)需(xu)采用(yong)低阻(zu)敏感膜電(dian)極(ji)(ji)，這樣可(ke)(ke)以(yi)有效降低靜電(dian)、磁(ci)場、聲場的(de)干擾(rao)，同時又使(shi)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)響(xiang)應敏捷。

        臺式電導儀技術機(ji)能(neng)，電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率監(jian)督儀能(neng)對(dui)純水(shui)和一般水(shui)溶液的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率值進行長(chang)時間連續丈(zhang)量(liang)和監(jian)督，采用(yong)開孔插入式(shi)安裝，具有溫(wen)漂自動補償電(dian)(dian)路，確保(bao)了(le)(le)(le)產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)丈(zhang)量(liang)精(jing)度，指針式(shi)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)儀廣泛合(he)用(yong)于離子交換，反滲透滲出EDI等制水(shui)設備原水(shui)和產(chan)(chan)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)的(de)(de)丈(zhang)量(liang)、監(jian)督。電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率儀簡(jian)介， 總之，《電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率儀檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定規程》能(neng)夠(gou)應對(dui)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率儀的(de)(de)發展(zhan)現(xian)狀，知足了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率儀不斷增加的(de)(de)計量(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定需求，為計量(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定工作者(zhe)提供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)可靠(kao)的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定依(yi)據。電導儀測定溶劑(ji)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)值：在150ml錐形瓶中(zhong)加入50ml水(shui)，浸(jin)入電(dian)(dian)極(ji)。電(dian)(dian)導(dao)儀電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)：水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性即水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倒(dao)數，通常(chang)用(yong)它來表示水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)純凈度(du)。一般(ban)情況下，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)常(chang)形成部門非平均電(dian)(dian)場。丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)原理，電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計，因為電(dian)(dian)導(dao)丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儀器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指示刻度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法是把電(dian)(dian)導(dao)池系統看作一個純電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)元件，但(dan)在丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)為交流時，電(dian)(dian)導(dao)池不再是一個純電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，而是包括容抗(kang)在內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)抗(kang)了(le)，其總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)值為兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矢量(liang)(liang)(liang)和，盡管(guan)在電(dian)(dian)導(dao)丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)研(yan)究中(zhong)，采(cai)取了(le)各(ge)種措施加以克服，但(dan)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)儀在實際丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)中(zhong)仍是造(zao)成了(le)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)差。L——兩極(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間隔(ge)，A——丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效極(ji)板(ban)，而　K= L /A 電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丈(zhang)(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需要弄清兩方(fang)(fang)面。

       電(dian)導儀軟(ruan)件系(xi)統(tong)采用(yong)模塊化(hua)(hua)設計，主要功(gong)能(neng)(neng)模塊 有：初始(shi)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，A/D采樣子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)、換(huan)檔子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)， 數據處理(li)子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，LCD顯示子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)。其工作(zuo)原理(li)和(he)臺式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)原理(li)一樣,都是基于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)池(chi)常數的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)式(shi)。根據當前(qian)(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)趨勢，新規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進行了相應改動，更加(jia)接近國(guo)際尺度，增加(jia)了某些檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)項目，提供了可(ke)(ke)以選擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)方(fang)法，拓寬了規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)籠蓋(gai)范(fan)圍(wei)。 `電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)維護應留(liu)意事項發表(biao)時(shi)間(jian)，丈(zhang)量(liang)完畢，將“校正(zheng)、丈(zhang)量(liang)”開(kai)關(guan)打到“校正(zheng)”。舊規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)把(ba)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)稱為“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”，而新規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則把(ba)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)稱為“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)單元檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)”。整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)：未開(kai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)前(qian)(qian)，觀察表(biao)針是否指(zhi)零，如不指(zhi)零，可(ke)(ke)調整表(biao)頭(tou)上的(de)(de)(de)螺絲指(zhi)零。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)池(chi)探頭(tou)太臟題目；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)池(chi)探頭(tou)體積(ji)過(guo)大題目；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極老化(hua)(hua)；第(di)三，待排放(fang)水在線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)校準(zhun)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極清洗，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極型號RPR，訂貨時(shi)請確認儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)型號和(he)序(xu)列(lie)號，以確保選擇(ze)準(zhun)確的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極型號，每臺儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)都配有相應的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極型號。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)代表(biao)各種離子(zi)(zi)在水溶液(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)來(lai)表(biao)示各種離子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)總量(liang)，既精確、簡化(hua)(hua)了檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測方(fang)法，又(you)能(neng)(neng)在線(xian)(xian)丈(zhang)量(liang)，隨(sui)時(shi)監測廢水處理(li)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)情況。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)監督儀(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)(neng)對純化(hua)(hua)水和(he)一般水溶液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)值進行長(chang)時(shi)間(jian)連續丈(zhang)量(liang)和(he)監督，合用(yong)于(yu)普通產業在線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)監測。臺式(shi)電(dian)導儀所謂非平均(jun)電場(也稱(cheng)作雜(za)散(san)場，漏泄場)沒有(you)常(chang)數，而是與(yu)離子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)(lei)和濃度(du)有(you)關。并將(jiang)計算后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果與(yu)設定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態比較，產生相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)動作或聲光報警。并且通過(guo)系(xi)統(tong)軟(ruan)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)，經放大(da)(da)器放大(da)(da)輸出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電壓(ya)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)Vo在被(bei)采(cai)樣(yang)時己經不(bu)亂。產品(pin)具體先(xian)容及技術參(can)數特點及用(yong)途：第一，產業電導率儀產品(pin)扼要先(xian)容。由A/D采(cai)樣(yang)點位于(yu)電壓(ya)波(bo)形不(bu)亂后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平坦部位，在這(zhe)一段(duan)時間(jian)(jian)內系(xi)統(tong)相(xiang)稱(cheng)于(yu)受到一個(ge)恒(heng)定直流(liu)電壓(ya)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵，被(bei)測(ce)電壓(ya)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)不(bu)再需要復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處理，相(xiang)敏解調、濾波(bo)等環節就(jiu)可以省(sheng)略(lve)，這(zhe)樣(yang)極大(da)(da)地簡化了系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構且進步了數據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)集速度(du)。電解質(zhi)電導率值是電解質(zhi)溶液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)基本(ben)物(wu)理化學量(liang)。   含氯根，硫(liu)酸根和NH4-N的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)也可能對pH電極造成(cheng)損壞，如(ru)要測(ce)試此類(lei)(lei)溶液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)pH值，建議(yi)在測(ce)試完(wan)后，迅速用(yong)凈水潤洗，再用(yong)存儲液(ye)(ye)潤洗并保留，良(liang)(liang)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)品(pin)所含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)份均(jun)對銀有(you)還原作用(yong)，所以良(liang)(liang)多(duo)(duo)物(wu)質(zhi)，尤其(qi)是氰化物(wu)很輕易損壞電極。由二個(ge)電極組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丈(zhang)量(liang)電極被(bei)稱(cheng)為爾(er)勞施(shi)(Kohlrausch)電極。加入熱(re)（600C）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)溶液(ye)(ye)，最好(hao)是熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)KCl溶液(ye)(ye)，或用(yong)飽和NaCl溶液(ye)(ye)，并冷卻至(zhi)常(chang)溫，重新校正丈(zhang)量(liang)。電導電極一般分(fen)為二電極式和多(duo)(duo)電極式兩(liang)種類(lei)(lei)型。當(dang)兩(liang)個(ge)面(mian)積(ji)為1cm2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方形極板，之間(jian)(jian)相(xiang)隔1 cm組成(cheng)電極時，此電極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)數K=1cm-1。當(dang)兩(liang)項(xiang)都達到0.2級，臺(tai)式電導儀就可(ke)以使用(yong)(yong)了。 方波(bo)發生器產(chan)生占空比為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)50%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正負脈沖電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)加(jia)到電(dian)(dian)導池(chi)電(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)端，流(liu)經(jing)電(dian)(dian)導池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)經(jing)由運放(fang)放(fang)大(da)(da)后(hou)變為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)信號，送入單(dan)片機再經(jing)由A/D轉換(huan)后(hou)，完成電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)信號的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采樣。產(chan)品檢(jian)修依據：JB/T6855。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)溶(rong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)是跟著溶(rong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)呈非(fei)線性(xing)變化，而且電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)系數又隨電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)呈非(fei)線性(xing)變化，不(bu)(bu)同純度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水在不(bu)(bu)同溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)下(xia)有不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)系數。這一(yi)丈量(liang)原(yuan)理(li)在當今直接顯示(shi)丈量(liang)儀(yi)表中得(de)到應用(yong)(yong)。讀溶(rong)劑水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)值。將“量(liang)程”開關打到×102，電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)儀(yi)打到“低(di)周”，再用(yong)(yong)“調正”旋鈕調指(zhi)針到滿度(du)(du)(du)1.0處。除了使用(yong)(yong)經(jing)典的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)導池(chi)外(wai)，三電(dian)(dian)極，尤其是四電(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)導池(chi)技術(shu)也在大(da)(da)量(liang)應用(yong)(yong)。環(huan)狀電(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料可(ke)以是石墨、不(bu)(bu)銹鋼、鈦合金(jin)和(he)鉑金(jin)。取最(zui)大(da)(da)示(shi)值誤差作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀(yi)器溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)系數示(shi)值誤差。 此外(wai)，新規程針對新增加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)定項目(mu)，要(yao)求具備(bei)(bei)恒溫(wen)設(she)備(bei)(bei)和(he)尺度(du)(du)(du)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)計，以作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)檢(jian)定用(yong)(yong)基本設(she)備(bei)(bei)。在被測對象不(bu)(bu)變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同一(yi)和(he)比較(jiao)水質，公認25℃為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)導率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)(du)(du)度(du)(du)(du)。

       臺式電導儀式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong):k—電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀,μS·cm-1;Kcell—電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)常(chang)數(shu),cm-1;G電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),S;R—電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻,Ω。 臺(tai)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)儀實(shi)際中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)常(chang)用到的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料有鈦等。新(xin)規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)符號與國(guo)際通用符號一致，將(jiang)(jiang)舊規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)常(chang)數(shu)J改為(wei) Kcell。此時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極常(chang)數(shu)必(bi)需用尺(chi)度(du)(du)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)確定。 在(zai)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀主(zhu)要由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(傳感器(qi))和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率顯示(shi)(shi)控制(zhi)儀兩部(bu)門組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是相宜于丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，一般用于產業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀中(zhong)(zhong)，或利用其(qi)丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)原理制(zhi)成(cheng)單組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度(du)(du)計(ji)，如(ru)鹽酸濃(nong)度(du)(du)計(ji)、硝(xiao)酸濃(nong)度(du)(du)計(ji)等。儀器(qi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)(bie)劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)有所區別(bie)(bie)，臺(tai)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)儀在(zai)儀器(qi)配(pei)套檢定中(zhong)(zhong)，新(xin)規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)使用兩種(zhong)(zhong)尺(chi)度(du)(du)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)常(chang)數(shu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，然后把校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)常(chang)數(shu)代(dai)入(ru)被檢儀器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，再(zai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儀器(qi)配(pei)套檢定。舊規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)要求(qiu)采用一種(zhong)(zhong)尺(chi)度(du)(du)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)得(de)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)常(chang)數(shu)，這樣可能(neng)產生(sheng)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不確定度(du)(du)，所以新(xin)規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)將(jiang)(jiang)使用兩種(zhong)(zhong)尺(chi)度(du)(du)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)常(chang)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)均勻值(zhi)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)常(chang)數(shu)。此對丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極必(bi)需由抗(kang)化學侵蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料制(zhi)成(cheng)。 新(xin)規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)舍(she)棄了用最小分(fen)(fen)度(du)(du)占滿量(liang)(liang)(liang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)引用誤差劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)儀器(qi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法，主(zhu)要以各檢定項目(mu)示(shi)(shi)值(zhi)誤差符合相應(ying)檢定項目(mu)答應(ying)誤差確定儀器(qi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)別(bie)(bie)。電(dian)導儀(yi)所(suo)謂非平均電(dian)場(chang)（也稱作(zuo)雜散場(chang)，漏泄場(chang)）沒有常(chang)(chang)數(shu)，而是與離子(zi)的(de)種類和(he)濃(nong)度有關(guan)。 電(dian)導(dao)儀(yi)從檢(jian)定規程中(zhong)(zhong)可知，對在(zai)線電(dian)導(dao)率儀(yi)只(zhi)要檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器引(yin)(yin)用(yong)(yong)誤差就夠了(le)(le)。此對丈量電(dian)極(ji)必(bi)需由抗化學侵(qin)蝕的(de)材料制成。即：泛起(qi)漂移現象(xiang)可能是因為在(zai)pH電(dian)極(ji)上(shang)產生(sheng)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)層薄(bo)膜，噴灑WindexTM或(huo)FantastTM清(qing)洗液(ye)，并(bing)潤洗。通常(chang)(chang)有K=1、K=5、K=10等類型。尺度溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)一(yi)(yi)般都使(shi)用(yong)(yong)KCl溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)這是由于KCl的(de)電(dian)導(dao)率的(de)不同的(de)溫度和(he)濃(nong)度情況下非常(chang)(chang)不亂，正確。這一(yi)(yi)丈量原理(li)在(zai)當今直(zhi)接顯示丈量儀(yi)表中(zhong)(zhong)得(de)到應用(yong)(yong)。 電(dian)導(dao)儀(yi)當pH值(zhi)（堿性）很高的(de)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)長時間放在(zai)pH電(dian)極(ji)池中(zhong)(zhong)也會損壞電(dian)極(ji)，測(ce)(ce)試(shi)完后(hou)(hou)立刻(ke)傾倒出此溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)，并(bing)用(yong)(yong)MYRONL存儲液(ye)（KCl，pH＝4的(de)緩沖溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)或(huo)飽和(he)鹽溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)，視用(yong)(yong)戶自身情況而定）潤洗再加滿電(dian)極(ji)池，蓋上(shang)保護蓋存儲。交流激勵(li)源的(de)采用(yong)(yong)不可避免的(de)在(zai)電(dian)導(dao)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)系統后(hou)(hou)續電(dian)路中(zhong)(zhong)需要引(yin)(yin)入一(yi)(yi)系列(lie)的(de)環節(如相敏解(jie)調、濾波電(dian)路)對交流信號(hao)進(jin)行處理(li)，使(shi)得(de)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)系統結構復(fu)雜，數(shu)據采集速度大為降低，臺(tai)式電導儀(yi)難(nan)以(yi)知(zhi)足對(dui)出產過程(cheng)進(jin)行在線檢測(ce)，實時控(kong)制的(de)要求。通過調查研(yan)究(jiu)發(fa)現(xian)以(yi)下題目：第(di)二，《電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率儀檢定規程(cheng)》對(dui)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率儀的(de)要求。而溶液(ye)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)與電(dian)(dian)解質溶液(ye)的(de)濃度及(ji)性(xing)質有關:a.在一定范(fan)內，離子的(de)濃度愈(yu)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率愈(yu)大(da)。（3）改變(bian)了電(dian)(dian)子單元(yuan)重復性(xing)的(de)判(pan)斷方(fang)式(shi)，通過對(dui)中量(liang)程(cheng)的(de)某點(dian)進(jin)行重復丈(zhang)量(liang)6次，用(yong)單次丈(zhang)量(liang)的(de)尺度偏差與相應量(liang)程(cheng)上限的(de)比值(zhi)表征(zheng)儀器丈(zhang)量(liang)結果的(de)重復性(xing)。電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率的(de)丈(zhang)量(liang)原(yuan)理，丈(zhang)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)極常數的(de)KCL溶液(ye)的(de)濃度，以(yi)接(jie)近(jin)實際被測(ce)溶液(ye)的(de)濃度為(wei)好。電(dian)(dian)導(dao)率儀總體設計，根據這個特點(dian)：本系統采用(yong)高頻率的(de)雙極性(xing)脈沖方(fang)波作為(wei)激(ji)勵(li)，因為(wei)在激(ji)勵(li)信號的(de)前半個周(zhou)期(qi)和后半個周(zhou)期(qi)，激(ji)勵(li)電(dian)(dian)流同(tong)值(zhi)反向，被測(ce)系統中那種介質極化現(xian)象就得以(yi)削弱。

        臺(tai)式電導(dao)儀其(qi)檢(jian)定(ding)方(fang)法選中(zhong)量(liang)(liang)程上的(de)任一(yi)尺度(du)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)Gs（如100μs）將(jiang)常數(shu)調節器置于(yu)KcellR＝1.00cm-1，將(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)示(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)調節為(wei)儀器劃定(ding)的(de)參(can)考(kao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)TR＝25.0℃，讀(du)取(qu)儀器丈量(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)kMR；置溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)系數(shu)α為(wei)2.00％℃-1，調節儀器溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)旋鈕(niu)，使溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)示(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)T＝15.0℃，讀(du)取(qu)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀丈量(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)kMV，按(an)公(gong)(gong)式(shi)①計算(suan)15.0℃時溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)系數(shu)的(de)示(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)誤差；然后(hou)使溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)示(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)T＝35.0℃，讀(du)取(qu)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀丈量(liang)(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)kMV，按(an)公(gong)(gong)式(shi)①計算(suan)35.0℃時溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)系數(shu)的(de)示(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)誤差。由于(yu)從國家標(biao)物中(zhong)央只買(mai)得到147.7μs/cm（25℃）的(de)尺度(du)溶液(ye)，那只能測(ce)0～200.00μs/cm這個量(liang)(liang)程的(de)在線(xian)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀，而(er)不能測(ce)0～20.00μs/cm這個量(liang)(liang)程的(de)在線(xian)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀，怎么辦？讓客戶(hu)買(mai)一(yi)臺新的(de)0.2級(ji)的(de)便攜式(shi)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀，用電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀檢(jian)定(ding)儀測(ce)其(qi)主機(ji)是否達(da)(da)到0.2級(ji)，即(ji)電(dian)(dian)計達(da)(da)到0.2級(ji)，然后(hou)再用電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)尺度(du)溶液(ye)來測(ce)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)池，即(ji)測(ce)整機(ji)的(de)配套誤差，看是否也達(da)(da)到0.2級(ji)。臺式電導(dao)儀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)的(de)(de)基本單位(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)西(xi)門子（S），原來被稱為(wei)姆(mu)(mu)歐(ou)，取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)單位(wei)(wei)歐(ou)姆(mu)(mu)倒數(shu)之意(yi)。詳細方法：對(dui)（0-200）μs/cm中(zhong)的(de)(de)100μs/cm點連(lian)續丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)6次，按(an)公式②計算：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)池常(chang)數(shu)調節功(gong)能和(he)溫(wen)度補償功(gong)能的(de)(de)評價采用(yong)絕(jue)對(dui)示(shi)值誤(wu)差(cha)。對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)來講，“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)”沒有(you)意(yi)義，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)數(shu)字表(biao)示(shi)水溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)傳導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)能力。指(zhi)針式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)儀(yi)(yi)如何(he)測(ce)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極常(chang)數(shu)？為(wei)何(he)要對(dui)常(chang)數(shu)進行(xing)校準？電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極還有(you)四電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極類(lei)型和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式類(lei)型。一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)，另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)1/A的(de)(de)幾何(he)關(guan)系，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)可以通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)得到(dao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)儀(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)原理是(shi)(shi)將兩(liang)塊(kuai)平行(xing)的(de)(de)極板(ban)，放到(dao)被測(ce)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)，在極板(ban)的(de)(de)兩(liang)端加上一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢（通(tong)常(chang)為(wei)正弦波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓），然(ran)后丈(zhang)量(liang)(liang)極板(ban)間流(liu)過的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。因為(wei)CM-230型在線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)儀(yi)(yi)有(you)自動溫(wen)度補償功(gong)能,故按(an)照規(gui)程(cheng)要求(qiu)只(zhi)需(xu)對(dui)其進行(xing)外觀(guan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子單元引用(yong)誤(wu)差(cha)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子單元重復性、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)池常(chang)數(shu)示(shi)值誤(wu)差(cha)、儀(yi)(yi)器引用(yong)誤(wu)差(cha)和(he)儀(yi)(yi)器重復性等項目的(de)(de)檢定。根(gen)據歐(ou)姆(mu)(mu)定律(lv)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)(G)--電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(R)的(de)(de)倒數(shu)，是(shi)(shi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)決定的(de)(de)。電導儀電極有那些種類？有何不同用途？(1)定義或解釋電阻率的倒數為電導率。擦干儀器表面，擰開后面四顆螺絲，小心打開后蓋，移走后蓋，把電池取下，并換上新的9V堿性電池，蓋上后蓋，擰緊螺絲。在電極間存在平均電場的情況下,電極常數可以通過幾何尺寸算出。 
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　    L——兩(liang)極板(ban)(ban)的間隔，A——丈量(liang)電極的有效極板(ban)(ban)，而　K= L /A，電導率儀的丈量(liang)需要弄清(qing)兩(liang)方(fang)面。電(dian)導儀新規(gui)程名稱(cheng)是(shi)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀(yi)(yi)(yi)”，舊規(gui)程名為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)。pH/ORP電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)(chi)(chi)盡可(ke)(ke)(ke)能保持(chi)干(gan)凈(jing)，用(yong)足量(liang)干(gan)清水沖(chong)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)防止雜物(wu)會萃在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極上，但是(shi)很贓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)尤其(qi)是(shi)含鱗狀顆粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)，很輕(qing)易在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)沉淀(dian)形成薄膜，這降低了測(ce)試的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)確度，一旦形成油(you)膜或(huo)有(you)臟(zang)物(wu)沉積在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極上，就用(yong)普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無侵蝕清洗劑清洗，并用(yong)凈(jing)水潤洗干(gan)凈(jing)，就可(ke)(ke)(ke)以正確測(ce)試了。實際中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常常用(yong)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料有(you)鈦等。新舊規(gui)程把儀(yi)(yi)(yi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)定都劃分(fen)為(wei)兩部門，但稱(cheng)謂不同。新安裝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀(yi)(yi)(yi)，因為(wei)主機(ji)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都是(shi)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，經由廠家現(xian)場安裝調(diao)試，其(qi)正確性(xing)比較(jiao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)。在(zai)過(guo)程檢(jian)測(ce)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丈量(liang)與監(jian)控具(ju)有(you)十分(fen)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位，它是(shi)利用(yong)溶液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成分(fen)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率之(zhi)間(jian)具(ju)有(you)一定關系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)來(lai)分(fen)析介質(zhi)溶液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)象及其(qi)規(gui)律性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丈量(liang)方法(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀(yi)(yi)(yi)，pH/ORP電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極更換注：指(zhi)針式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)由于已安裝了不可(ke)(ke)(ke)擦除可(ke)(ke)(ke)讀(du)存儲(chu)(chu)器(qi)，即(ji)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，存儲(chu)(chu)在(zai)記憶器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記實數據和校正更改設(she)置并不會消失。留意(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極泡很脆弱，所以不能擦洗或(huo)抹(mo)拭pH/ORP電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率丈量(liang)系統硬件(jian)設(she)計，臺式電導(dao)儀主要由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)、丈量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、溫度(du)(du)采集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、液(ye)(ye)晶(jing)顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。此時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極常數(shu)必需用(yong)尺(chi)(chi)度(du)(du)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)進(jin)行確定(ding)(ding)(ding)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)測(ce)(ce)試技術具(ju)有(you)敏捷度(du)(du)高(gao)可測(ce)(ce)范圍寬、結(jie)構簡樸、便于(yu)(yu)(yu)實(shi)現連續丈量(liang)等長處，被廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)環境監測(ce)(ce)、產業流程控(kong)制(zhi)、醫藥(yao)衛(wei)生、科(ke)學研(yan)究和(he)產品(pin)質量(liang)檢修過(guo)程。固(gu)然海(hai)內外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究者采用(yong)了高(gao)階濾波器(qi) 乘法解調等措施不(bu)斷改(gai)善采集(ji)速(su)度(du)(du)，但因(yin)為(wei)(wei)激勵(li)原理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)，數(shu)據采集(ji)速(su)度(du)(du)一直難(nan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)得到質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步。新(xin)規(gui)程增加(jia)了四電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)單元(yuan)檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)接(jie)(jie)線示意(yi)圖，給檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)作帶來了利便。 σ=1/ρ ；(2)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei): 在(zai)(zai)國際單位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)制(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是西門子(zi)/米,其它單位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)：s/cm，us/cm。新(xin)規(gui)程擴大了合用(yong)范圍 ，舊規(gui)程中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)”和(he)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)”在(zai)(zai)新(xin)規(gui)程中(zhong)(zhong)分別(bie)(bie)用(yong)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)單元(yuan)”和(he)“傳感器(qi)單元(yuan)”代替。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀(yi)檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)規(gui)程對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)， 指(zhi)針式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)儀(yi)本(ben)系統控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁閥使(shi)(shi)用(yong)220v交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)采用(yong)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)驅動。而在(zai)(zai)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率儀(yi)上(shang)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極常制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形對(dui)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極。舊規(gui)程中(zhong)(zhong)之所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)計(ji)算電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)引(yin)用(yong)誤差(cha)，是由于(yu)(yu)(yu)當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)常數(shu)設(she)為(wei)(wei)1.00cm-1，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率示值(zhi)在(zai)(zai)數(shu)值(zhi)上(shang)即是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)，但如斯表(biao)述輕易(yi)引(yin)起(qi)概念上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攪渾。引(yin)起(qi)離子(zi)在(zai)(zai)被測(ce)(ce)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)運動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場是由與溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾何(he)外形影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率值(zhi)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)尺(chi)(chi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丈量(liang)頂用(yong)單位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)S/cm來表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)率，以(yi)(yi)(yi)補償各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極尺(chi)(chi)寸造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是靠離子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遷移(yi)來實(shi)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)外加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下(xia)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小是外加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力決定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。丈量(liang)時應采用(yong)配套(tao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電導儀，不要采用其它型號的電導率儀。當水溫不為25℃時，就要進行溫度補償，折換成25℃時的電導率。 電導率是物體傳導電流的能力。 
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