超聲波探傷儀收一組探頭使其入射點對串列基準線常常保持等間隔,垂直于焊縫移動的掃查方法,將發、收一組探頭,使其入射點對串列基準線常常保持等間隔平行于焊縫移動的掃查方法，探傷截面的位置焊后已被蓋住,所以施焊前應予先在探傷面上,離焊縫坡口一定間隔畫出一標記線,該線即為參考線,將作為確定串列基準線的依據，串列掃查時,作為一發一收兩探頭等距離移動基準的線.一般設在離探傷截面間隔為0.5跨距的位置，串列掃查探傷時,作為探傷對象的截,一般以焊縫坡口面為探傷截面,在斜角探傷中,使探頭與焊縫中央線成一角度,平即是焊縫方向移動的掃查方法，在斜角探傷中,探傷儀將探頭置于焊縫及熱影響區表面,使聲束指向焊縫方向,并沿焊縫方向移動的掃查方法，筒形工件檢修,折射聲束軸線與內壁相切時的折射角，大致上垂直于焊縫走向的缺陷，大致上平行于焊縫走向的缺陷。環縫檢修時為探頭寬度,縱縫檢修為探頭長度,是否存在較高的按捺，如有應將按捺降為0；探頭線是否正常，探頭與探頭線接觸是否正常，探傷儀用戶可用一個鑷子（金屬）以接觸探頭座的內芯，假如有雜波，則儀器良好；是否在儀器屏幕顯示的工作狀態下工作；探頭方式是否準確，假如探頭設置為雙晶，而接入的是單探頭，則不會有回波；你可以從各省的超聲培訓班了解，或是從專業職員中了解！我個人以為南通友聯的不錯，性價比高，汕頭也不錯！由于我就是用的友聯還可以！探頭是否接對。根據上面的說法，就可以判定標題題目中缺陷的級別了：1/3T的值是3.3，1/2T的值是5，2/3T的值是6.7，則4mm缺陷級別為1級（1級最小可為8），12mm是2級（2級最小可為12）。 超聲波探傷儀可全面、客觀地采集和存儲數據，并對采集到的數據進行實時處理或后處理，對信號進行時域、頻域或圖像分析，可通過模式識別對工件質量進行分級，從而減少了人為因素的影響，進步了檢索的可靠性和不亂性。只有固體介質才能承受剪切應力，液體和氣體介質不能承受剪切應當介質質點受到交變的剪切應力作用時，產生剪切形變，從而形成橫波。
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       超聲波探傷儀尺(chi)(chi)度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)的(de)外(wai)形(xing)和(he)尺(chi)(chi)寸見附錄A,試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)制造的(de)技術要求應(ying)符合ZB Y232的(de)劃定(ding)(ding),該試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)主要用于測定(ding)(ding)探(tan)(tan)傷(shang)儀(yi)、探(tan)(tan)頭及(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(tong)機(ji)能(neng)，6 試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)，斜探(tan)(tan)頭及(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(tong)機(ji)能(neng),在(zai)表1劃定(ding)(ding)的(de)時間內必需檢查一次(ci)，探(tan)(tan)傷(shang)儀(yi)的(de)水平線性(xing)(xing)和(he)垂直(zhi)線性(xing)(xing),在(zai)設(she)備首(shou)次(ci)使用及(ji)(ji)每隔3個月(yue)應(ying)檢查一次(ci)。探(tan)(tan)傷(shang)儀(yi)、探(tan)(tan)頭及(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(tong)機(ji)能(neng),除敏捷度(du)余量外(wai),均應(ying)按ZB J04 001的(de)劃定(ding)(ding)方法進行測試(shi)(shi)(shi)。當證實確能(neng)進步探(tan)(tan)測結(jie)果的(de)正確性(xing)(xing)和(he)可靠性(xing)(xing),探傷儀或能夠較好地解決一般檢(jian)修時(shi)的(de)難題而又(you)確保結(jie)果(guo)的(de)準確,推薦(jian)采用聚焦等(deng)(deng)特種探(tan)頭。斜探(tan)頭的(de)公稱(cheng)(cheng)折射角β為(wei)45°、60°、70°或K值(zhi)為(wei)1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5,折射角的(de)實測值(zhi)與公稱(cheng)(cheng)值(zhi)的(de)偏(pian)(pian)差(cha)(cha)應(ying)(ying)不(bu)大于(yu)(yu)2°(K值(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)差(cha)(cha)不(bu)應(ying)(ying)超過±0.1)，前沿間隔的(de)偏(pian)(pian)差(cha)(cha)應(ying)(ying)不(bu)大于(yu)(yu)1mm.如受工件(jian)幾何外形或探(tan)傷面曲率等(deng)(deng)限制也可選用其(qi)他小角度的(de)探(tan)頭，探(tan)頭主聲(sheng)束(shu)垂(chui)直方向的(de)偏(pian)(pian)離,不(bu)應(ying)(ying)有顯著的(de)雙(shuang)峰(feng),聲(sheng)束(shu)軸線水(shui)平偏(pian)(pian)離角應(ying)(ying)不(bu)大于(yu)(yu)2，使用A型顯示脈(mo)沖反(fan)射式(shi)探(tan)傷儀,其(qi)工作頻(pin)率范圍至少為(wei)1-5MHz,探(tan)傷儀應(ying)(ying)配備衰減器或增(zeng)益(yi)控制器,其(qi)精度為(wei)任意相鄰12dB誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)在±1dB內.步升級每(mei)(mei)檔(dang)不(bu)大于(yu)(yu)2dB, 總調節量應(ying)(ying)大于(yu)(yu)60dB,水(shui)平線性誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)不(bu)大于(yu)(yu)1%,垂(chui)直線性誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)不(bu)大于(yu)(yu)5%，超聲(sheng)檢(jian)修職員的(de)視力(li)應(ying)(ying)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)檢(jian)查(cha)一次,校重視力(li)不(bu)得低于(yu)(yu)1.0，注:一般焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)檢(jian)修專(zhuan)業(ye)考核項目分(fen)為(wei)板對接(jie)(jie)焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng);管件(jian)對接(jie)(jie)焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng);管座角焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng);節點焊(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)等(deng)(deng)四種，探傷儀(yi)焊縫(feng)超聲檢(jian)修(xiu)職員應按有關規程或技(ji)(ji)術(shu)前提的(de)(de)劃定(ding)經嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)培訓和考核(he),并(bing)(bing)持有相(xiang)考核(he)組織頒發的(de)(de)等級資格證書,從(cong)事相(xiang)對(dui)應考核(he)項目的(de)(de)檢(jian)修(xiu)工作，從(cong)事焊縫(feng)探(tan)(tan)傷(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)檢(jian)修(xiu)職員必需把握(wo)超聲波探(tan)(tan)傷(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎技(ji)(ji)術(shu),具有足夠的(de)(de)焊縫(feng)超聲波探(tan)(tan)傷(shang)(shang)經驗,并(bing)(bing)把握(wo)一定(ding)的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)、焊接(jie)基(ji)(ji)礎知(zhi)識。

       探傷儀應(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)適當(dang)的(de)液體或(huo)糊(hu)狀物作(zuo)(zuo)為耦(ou)合(he)劑,耦(ou)合(he)劑應(ying)具(ju)有良好(hao)透聲性和(he)(he)相(xiang)宜活動(dong)性,不(bu)(bu)應(ying)對(dui)材料和(he)(he)人體有作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong),同(tong)(tong)時應(ying)便于(yu)檢修(xiu)后清理。串(chuan)列式掃查,推薦(jian)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)公(gong)稱(cheng)折射(she)角(jiao)(jiao)為45°的(de)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)探(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou),兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)探(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)實際折射(she)角(jiao)(jiao)相(xiang)差不(bu)(bu)應(ying)超(chao)過2°,探(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)前洞長度(du)相(xiang)差應(ying)小于(yu)2mm.為便于(yu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)測厚焊(han)縫(feng)坡口邊(bian)沿未(wei)熔合(he)缺(que)陷,亦可選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)的(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou),但兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)探(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)均(jun)應(ying)在35°-55°范圍內，斜(xie)探(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)的(de)折射(she)角(jiao)(jiao)β或(huo)K值應(ying)依據材料厚度(du),焊(han)縫(feng)坡口型式及(ji)預(yu)期探(tan)(tan)(tan)測的(de)主要缺(que)陷來選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze).對(dui)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)板厚推薦(jian)的(de)探(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)和(he)(he)探(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)數，探(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)檢修(xiu)頻(pin)率f一般(ban)在2-5MHz范圍內選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze),推薦(jian)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)2-2.5MHz公(gong)稱(cheng)頻(pin)率檢修(xiu).特(te)殊情況下,可選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)低于(yu)2MHz或(huo)高(gao)于(yu)2.5MHz的(de)檢修(xiu)頻(pin)率,但必需保證系統(tong)敏捷度(du)的(de)要求(qiu)，焊(han)縫(feng)檢修(xiu)前,應(ying)劃好(hao)檢修(xiu)區(qu)段(duan),標記出檢修(xiu)區(qu)段(duan)編號。去除(chu)余(yu)(yu)高(gao)的(de)焊(han)縫(feng),應(ying)將(jiang)余(yu)(yu)高(gao)打磨到與(yu)臨近母材平齊.留存(cun)余(yu)(yu)高(gao)的(de)焊(han)縫(feng),探(tan)傷儀如焊縫表(biao)面(mian)有咬(yao)邊,較(jiao)大(da)(da)的隆起凹(ao)陷等也(ye)應(ying)進行(xing)(xing)適當(dang)的修(xiu)磨(mo),并作圓滑過渡以影響檢修(xiu)結果的評(ping)定a.采用一次反射法或串列式掃查探傷時,探頭移動區(qu)應(ying)大(da)(da)于(yu)1.25P：探頭移動區(qu)應(ying)清除焊接飛濺、鐵(tie)屑、油(you)垢及(ji)其他外部(bu)雜技.探傷表(biao)面(mian)應(ying)平整(zheng)光(guang)滑,便于(yu)探頭的自由掃查,其表(biao)面(mian)粗(cu)拙度不應(ying)超過6.3μm,必要時應(ying)進行(xing)(xing)打(da)磨(mo)：檢修(xiu)區(qu)域(yu)的寬度應(ying)是(shi)焊縫本身再(zai)加(jia)上(shang)焊縫兩側各相稱于(yu)母材厚度30%的一段區(qu)域(yu),這個區(qu)域(yu)最小(xiao)10mm,最大(da)(da)20mm，超聲波探傷儀(yi)按不同檢修等級要求選擇探傷面.推薦的探傷面，C級檢修至少要采用兩種角度探頭在焊縫的單面雙側進行檢修.同時要作兩個掃查方向和兩種探頭角度的橫向缺陷檢修.母材厚度大于100mm時,采用雙面側檢修.其他附加要求是，B級檢修原則上采用一種角度探頭在焊縫的單面雙側進行檢修,對整個焊縫截面進行探測.母材厚度大于100mm時,采用雙面雙側檢修.受幾何前提的限制,可在焊縫的雙面半日側采用兩種角度探頭進行探傷.前提答應時應作橫向缺陷的檢修。 A級檢修采用一種角度的探頭在焊縫的單面單側進行檢修,只對答應掃查到的焊縫截面進行探測.一般不要求作橫向缺陷的檢修.母材厚度大于50Mm時,不得采用A級檢，本尺度給出了三個檢修等級的檢修前提,為避免焊件的幾何外形限制相應等級檢修的有效性,設計、工藝職員應考慮超聲檢修可行性的基礎長進行結構設計和工藝鋪排。根據質量要求檢修等級分為A、B、C三級,檢修的完善程度A級最低,B級一般,C級最高,檢修工作的難度系數按A、超聲波探傷儀B、C順序逐級增高.應按照工件的材質、結構、焊接方法、使用前提及承受載荷的不同,公道的選用檢修級別.檢修等級應接產品技術前提和有關劃定選擇或經合同雙方協商選定。
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       超聲波探傷(shang)儀根據波(bo)(bo)動(dong)傳播時介質質點的振動(dong)方向(xiang)相對于波(bo)(bo)的傳播方向(xiang)的不同，可(ke)將波(bo)(bo)分,超(chao)聲(sheng)波(bo)(bo)波(bo)(bo)形,超(chao)聲(sheng)波(bo)(bo)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)傷的物(wu)理基(ji)礎(chu),滲透滲出探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)傷：檢測材料表面(mian)啟齒(chi)性缺陷。超(chao)聲(sheng)波(bo)(bo)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)傷儀還有就是一些特殊(shu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)好(hao)比(bi)雙晶(jing)直(zhi)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)是做＜20的，縱波(bo)(bo)斜探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)頭(tou)等詳細看(kan)你做什么，根據什么尺(chi)度, 超聲波探傷儀受檢(jian)工件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)耦合損(sun)失及(ji)材質衰減應(ying)(ying)與試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊相同,否(fou)則應(ying)(ying)進(jin)行(xing)傳輸(shu)損(sun)失修(xiu)整(zheng)見附(fu)錄(lu)E,在(zai)1跨距聲程內最(zui)大傳輸(shu)損(sun)失差在(zai)2dB以(yi)(yi)(yi)內可(ke)不(bu)進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)整(zheng)。探傷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)率半(ban)徑R小于即是W2/4時(shi)(shi),間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)--波(bo)(bo)幅(fu)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繪制應(ying)(ying)在(zai)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)臨比(bi)(bi)(bi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊長(chang)(chang)進(jin)行(xing)。探測(ce)橫向(xiang)缺陷時(shi)(shi),應(ying)(ying)將各(ge)線(xian)(xian)敏捷(jie)度(du)(du)均進(jin)步6dB。間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)----波(bo)(bo)幅(fu)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)由選(xuan)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)器、探頭(tou)系統在(zai)對比(bi)(bi)(bi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實測(ce)數(shu)據繪制見圖(tu)8,其繪制方法(fa)見附(fu)錄(lu)D,曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)由判(pan)(pan)廢(fei)(fei)線(xian)(xian)RL,定(ding)量線(xian)(xian)SL和評定(ding)線(xian)(xian)EL組成,不(bu)同驗(yan)收級別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)線(xian)(xian)敏捷(jie)度(du)(du)見表(biao)(biao)3.表(biao)(biao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)DAC是以(yi)(yi)(yi)Φ3mm尺度(du)(du)反(fan)射(she)體(ti)繪制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)--波(bo)(bo)幅(fu)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)--即DAC基準線(xian)(xian).評定(ding)線(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)至定(ding)量線(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下為(wei)(wei)1區(qu)(弱信號評定(ding)區(qu));定(ding)量線(xian)(xian)至判(pan)(pan)廢(fei)(fei)線(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下為(wei)(wei)Ⅱ區(qu)(長(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)評定(ding)區(qu));判(pan)(pan)廢(fei)(fei)線(xian)(xian)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)區(qu)域為(wei)(wei)Ⅲ區(qu)(判(pan)(pan)廢(fei)(fei)區(qu))。間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)----波(bo)(bo)幅(fu)(DAC)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繪制。探傷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)率半(ban)徑R小于即是W2/4時(shi)(shi),探頭(tou)楔塊應(ying)(ying)磨成與工件曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)相吻合,在(zai)6.2.3條(tiao)劃(hua)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對比(bi)(bi)(bi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊上(shang)(shang)作時(shi)(shi)基線(xian)(xian)掃描(miao)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)。 探傷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)率半(ban)徑R大于W2/4時(shi)(shi),可(ke)在(zai)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)臨比(bi)(bi)(bi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊上(shang)(shang)或與探傷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)率相近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)臨比(bi)(bi)(bi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊上(shang)(shang),進(jin)行(xing)時(shi)(shi)基線(xian)(xian)掃描(miao)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)。探傷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)時(shi)(shi),可(ke)在(zai)對比(bi)(bi)(bi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)塊長(chang)(chang)進(jin)行(xing)時(shi)(shi)基線(xian)(xian)掃描(miao)調(diao)(diao)節(jie),掃描(miao)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)依(yi)據工件工和選(xuan)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探頭(tou)角度(du)(du)來確定(ding),最(zui)大檢(jian)修(xiu)范圍(wei)應(ying)(ying)調(diao)(diao)至熒光(guang)屏(ping)時(shi)(shi)基線(xian)(xian)滿刻度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2/3以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)，熒光(guang)屏(ping)時(shi)(shi)基線(xian)(xian)刻度(du)(du)可(ke)按比(bi)(bi)(bi)例(li)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)為(wei)(wei)代表(biao)(biao)缺陷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)。記實:凡缺陷信號幅(fu)度(du)(du)超過熒光(guang)屏(ping)滿幅(fu)20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部位,應(ying)(ying)在(zai)工件表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)作出標(biao)記,并予以(yi)(yi)(yi)記實。敏捷(jie)度(du)(du):將無缺陷處二次底(di)波(bo)(bo)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)為(wei)(wei)熒光(guang)屏(ping)滿幅(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)100%。探傷(shang)儀方法(fa):接觸(chu)式(shi)脈沖反(fan)射法(fa),采用(yong)頻率2-5MHz的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)探頭(tou)(tou),晶片(pian)直(zhi)(zhi)徑10-25mm。采用(yong)C級檢(jian)修時,斜探頭(tou)(tou)掃查聲束(shu)通(tong)過的(de)(de)(de)母(mu)材(cai)區域應用(yong)直(zhi)(zhi)探頭(tou)(tou)作(zuo)檢(jian)查,以(yi)便探測是否(fou)有有探傷結果解(jie)釋的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)層(ceng)性或其他缺陷存(cun)在.該項(xiang)檢(jian)查僅作(zuo)記實,不屬于對母(mu)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)驗(yan)收檢(jian)修.母(mu)材(cai)檢(jian)查的(de)(de)(de)規程要點如下：在試塊上調節儀(yi)器和(he)產品檢(jian)修應采用(yong)相同的(de)(de)(de)耦(ou)合(he)劑。典型的(de)(de)(de)耦(ou)合(he)劑為(wei)水(shui)、機(ji)油、甘油和(he)漿糊(hu),耦(ou)合(he)劑中可加入適量的(de)(de)(de)"潤濕劑"或活性劑以(yi)便改善(shan)耦(ou)合(he)機(ji)能。

         光(guang)度計技術(shu)是目(mu)前(qian)全(quan)自動(dong)生化分(fen)析(xi)儀中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大量(liang)(liang)(liang)采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)分(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)技術(shu).分(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)是基(ji)于比(bi)爾定(ding)律基(ji)礎上(shang)建立(li)起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)方法(fa).其(qi)原理(li)(li)是:特(te)(te)定(ding)波(bo)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang)通過(guo)(guo)樣品(pin)(pin)溶(rong)液時,其(qi)吸(xi)(xi)收強度(du)(du)(du)(du)與樣品(pin)(pin)溶(rong)液濃度(du)(du)(du)(du)和光(guang)(guang)(guang)通過(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離(即光(guang)(guang)(guang)徑)成(cheng)正比(bi)。分(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)最終機理(li)(li)是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質有其(qi)特(te)(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生色(se)基(ji)團,生色(se)基(ji)團能(neng)(neng)對特(te)(te)定(ding)波(bo)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)產(chan)生強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)收效應(ying),因(yin)此(ci)無論通過(guo)(guo)溶(rong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是單(dan)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang)還是復(fu)(fu)(fu)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang),溶(rong)質也只(zhi)對其(qi)特(te)(te)定(ding)波(bo)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)產(chan)生強吸(xi)(xi)收.只(zhi)要(yao)保證光(guang)(guang)(guang)電接收器感(gan)應(ying)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是單(dan)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang),通過(guo)(guo)溶(rong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是單(dan)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang)還是復(fu)(fu)(fu)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang)并(bing)不(bu)重(zhong)要(yao),這(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)分(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)技術(shu)提供了可能(neng)(neng).用復(fu)(fu)(fu)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang)通過(guo)(guo)反(fan)應(ying)體系(xi)后(hou),再通過(guo)(guo)單(dan)色(se)器對吸(xi)(xi)收后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)(fu)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang)分(fen)成(cheng)單(dan)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang)測(ce)定(ding),這(zhe)(zhe)就是"后(hou)分(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)技術(shu)".食物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)碘(dian)(dian)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)測(ce)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)：ce－as體系(xi)催化比(bi)色(se)。法(fa)碘(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學性(xing)質活潑，在食物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)復(fu)(fu)(fu)雜，樣品(pin)(pin)處理(li)(li)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)損失嚴重(zhong)，加(jia)之碘(dian)(dian)屬于微量(liang)(liang)(liang)元素，環境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)少量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)變會引起污染，因(yin)此(ci)到目(mu)前(qian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)止，食物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)碘(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)定(ding)仍存(cun)在一定(ding)難度(du)(du)(du)(du)。可見分光(guang)光(guang)度計(ji) 現在很多生(sheng)產廠(chang)家采用(yong)(yong)石英玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)噴(pen)霧(wu)(wu)器(qi), 玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)噴(pen)霧(wu)(wu)器(qi)具有(you)耐腐蝕(shi)、干擾(rao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)優點, 出廠(chang)前已將玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)噴(pen)霧(wu)(wu)器(qi)出口的(de)(de)(de)碰撞(zhuang)球的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)調(diao)節(jie)固(gu)定好, 無須使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者再調(diao)節(jie)球的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)。同時(shi)配有(you)各種口徑的(de)(de)(de)毛(mao)細吸液管, 使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者可(ke)(ke)根據需要選擇(ze)提升(sheng)量大小(xiao), 以調(diao)節(jie)最(zui)靈(ling)敏(min)、最(zui)穩定的(de)(de)(de)霧(wu)(wu)化率達到理想的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測效果(guo)。由于長(chang)(chang)途運輸或室內搬運可(ke)(ke)能(neng)造成光(guang)(guang)源位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)偏(pian)移(yi)，導致亮電(dian)流(liu)漂移(yi)增(zeng)大。此時(shi)對光(guang)(guang)源位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)進行調(diao)整，直(zhi)至達到有(you)關(guan)技術(shu)指標(biao)(biao)為止。若經調(diao)整校正后波(bo) 長(chang)(chang)準確度、暗電(dian)源漂移(yi)及亮電(dian)流(liu)漂移(yi)三項關(guan)鍵指標(biao)(biao)仍未符合要求，則應(ying)停(ting)止使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，并及時(shi)通知(zhi)有(you)關(guan)技術(shu)人員(yuan)檢(jian)修比色(se)(se)(se)(se)皿(min)(min)架(jia)及比色(se)(se)(se)(se)皿(min)(min)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)中的(de)(de)(de)正確到位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)問題有(you)些(xie)分(fen)光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)度計使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者在測量分(fen)析(xi)樣(yang)(yang)品(pin)時(shi)對這(zhe)個問題不(bu)夠重視,因操作不(bu)當造成偶然誤差,嚴重影響分(fen)析(xi)結(jie)果(guo)。首先(xian),應(ying)保證(zheng)比色(se)(se)(se)(se)皿(min)(min)置(zhi)于比色(se)(se)(se)(se)皿(min)(min)架(jia)中不(bu)傾(qing)斜位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)。比色(se)(se)(se)(se)皿(min)(min)在比色(se)(se)(se)(se)皿(min)(min)架(jia)中稍許傾(qing)斜,就(jiu)會使(shi)參比樣(yang)(yang)品(pin)與待測樣(yang)(yang)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)吸收光(guang)(guang)徑長(chang)(chang)度不(bu)一致,還可(ke)(ke)能(neng)使(shi)入射(she)光(guang)(guang)不(bu)能(neng)全(quan)部通過樣(yang)(yang)品(pin)池,紫外可見(jian)分光(guang)光(guang)度計導致測(ce)(ce)試結果(guo)不符合準(zhun)確度(du)要求其次,應(ying)保(bao)(bao)證每次測(ce)(ce)試時(shi),比色(se)皿(min)架推拉(la)到位。若比色(se)皿(min)架推拉(la)不到位,將影響到測(ce)(ce)試結果(guo)的(de)重復性或準(zhun)確度(du)。最(zui)后(hou),還應(ying)保(bao)(bao)證比色(se)皿(min)的(de)清(qing)潔度(du),延長比色(se)皿(min)的(de)使(shi)用壽命。

         電(dian)導儀的(de)電極電阻(zu)10ohm要(yao)加(jia)上(shang)電纜(lan)電阻(zu)4.76 ohm。測(ce)(ce)量儀表(biao)最終顯(xian)示值變成(cheng)67.75 mS。在(zai)(zai)此種(zhong)情況(kuang)下，應(ying)采用短一些的(de)或橫截面大一些的(de)測(ce)(ce)量電纜(lan)。對于(yu)電感式電極，電纜(lan)的(de)電阻(zu)不影(ying)響測(ce)(ce)量值。測(ce)(ce)量儀表(biao)則要(yao)將測(ce)(ce)出的(de)電阻(zu)值換算成(cheng)西門(men)子單位并且還要(yao)排(pai)除前面講到的(de)各(ge)種(zhong)干(gan)擾(rao)因素，如溫度，α值等影(ying)響，從而給出正確的(de)電導率值。測(ce)(ce)量的(de)電極電阻(zu)10ohm要(yao)加(jia)上(shang)電纜(lan)電阻(zu)4.76 ohm。測(ce)(ce)量儀表(biao)最終顯(xian)示值變成(cheng)67.75 mS。在(zai)(zai)此種(zhong)情況(kuang)下，臺式電導儀應采(cai)用(yong)短一(yi)(yi)些的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或橫截面(mian)大(da)一(yi)(yi)些的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)不影(ying)(ying)響測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)值。測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)表則要將測(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值換算成西門子(zi)單位并且還要排除前(qian)面(mian)講到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)干擾因(yin)素(su)，如溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)，α值等(deng)影(ying)(ying)響，從而給出(chu)正(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)值。在檢定(ding)(ding)過程中增(zeng)加這一(yi)(yi)檢定(ding)(ding)項目也(ye)很(hen)有(you)必要。實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀(yi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢定(ding)(ding)有(you)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法，一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)補(bu)(bu)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)KMR為(wei)(wei)(wei)定(ding)(ding)值，一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)補(bu)(bu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)KMV為(wei)(wei)(wei)定(ding)(ding)值，兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法依據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原理相同(tong)(tong)，具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢定(ding)(ding)步驟根據儀(yi)器(qi)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)也(ye)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法。檢定(ding)(ding)過程中，我(wo)們還發(fa)現溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)設(she)置會影(ying)(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池常(chang)數，分(fen)析表明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)本質上和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池常(chang)數補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)是(shi)(shi)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，當儀(yi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)缺失(shi)或存在故障時(shi)，可(ke)以利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)池常(chang)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)來實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢定(ding)(ding)方(fang)法及問題(ti)。使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)都(dou)知道這一(yi)(yi)點(dian)，溶液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)與溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)密(mi)切相關，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)發(fa)生變(bian)(bian)化(hua)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離度(du)(du)(du)、溶解度(du)(du)(du)、離子(zi)遷移速度(du)(du)(du)、溶液(ye)黏(nian)度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)都(dou)會發(fa)生變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)也(ye)會變(bian)(bian)化(hua)。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)升高(gao)， 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)增(zeng)大(da)。而此刻(ke)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)率(lv)(lv)儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)功(gong)能就是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了克服溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響。

         pH尺度溶液應使用較小的燒杯來稀釋，酸度計在燒杯壁上的pH尺度液。pH尺度溶液用(pH4.00825℃)，丈量pH時，按水樣呈酸性，中性和堿性三種可能，常配制以下三種尺度溶液：配制尺度溶液所用的蒸餾水應符合下列要求：煮沸并冷卻、電導率小于2×10-6S/cm的蒸餾水，其pH以6.7～7.3之間為宜。先用pH7尺度緩沖液對電計進行定位，再根據待測溶液的酸堿性選擇第二種尺度緩沖液。水的顏色、濁度、膠體物質、氧化劑、還原劑及高含鹽量均不干擾測定;但在pH<1的強酸性溶液中，會有所謂“酸誤差"，可按酸度測定;在pH>10的堿性溶液中，因有大量鈉離子存在，產生誤差，使讀數偏低，通常稱為“鈉差"。假如待測溶液呈酸性，則選用pH4尺度緩沖液；假如待測溶液呈堿性，則選用pH9尺度緩沖液。pH尺度溶濃乙(pH6.86525℃。稱取先在110～130℃干燥2～3小時的鄰苯二甲醉氫鉀(KHC8H4O4)10.12克，溶于水并在容量瓶中稀釋至1升。但要留意尺度緩沖液選擇及其配制的正確性。在線PH計是(shi)在(zai)(zai)物質的(de)(de)(de)量濃(nong)度小(xiao)于0.1mo1.dm-3的(de)(de)(de)淡薄水(shui)溶液有(you)限(xian)范圍，既非強酸(suan)性又非強堿性(ZpH(X)=pH(S) (Es—Ex)F/(RTIn10)，pH是(shi)從操(cao)縱上定(ding)義的(de)(de)(de)。每測(ce)(ce)(ce)5～6個樣品(pin)后需用尺度液檢(jian)查定(ding)位。負載變化影響的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)定(ding)、校(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)連接(jie)儀(yi)器(qi)、測(ce)(ce)(ce)量方法同(tong)(1) ,調節輸入(ru)信號或(huo)變更標準(zhun)(zhun)溶液。待穩定(ding)后,觀(guan)察輸出信號,每點3 次,取其(qi)算術平均值(zhi)(zhi)為儀(yi)器(qi)各(ge)點電(dian)信號值(zhi)(zhi),并換算為各(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量點的(de)(de)(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)儀(yi)器(qi)外(wai)接(jie)負載電(dian)阻為0 時的(de)(de)(de)pH 值(zhi)(zhi)之差(cha)應不超過(guo)儀(yi)器(qi)技術要求的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding).文(wen)主要內(nei)容是(shi)對工業在(zai)(zai)線PH計(ji)|酸(suan)度計(ji)校(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)、檢(jian)定(ding)方法進行了初步探討,并未包含工業在(zai)(zai)線PH計(ji)|酸(suan)度計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)所有(you)技術參(can)數(shu)校(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)、檢(jian)定(ding)方法。本公司(si)僅希(xi)望通過(guo)與(yu)大家(jia)一起分享后，以后希(xi)望使(shi)用工業在(zai)(zai)線PH計(ji)|酸(suan)度計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)朋(peng)友(you)能夠在(zai)(zai)實(shi)際工作中(zhong),對在(zai)(zai)線工業化學儀(yi)表檢(jian)定(ding)、校(xiao)準(zhun)(zhun)方面做個參(can)考(kao)資料，起到(dao)積極利用的(de)(de)(de)好資料。

         PH計產品由意大利(li)哈納公司推出的最新(xin)專(zhuan)業檢測(ce)葡萄酒(jiu)的pH 計。在線式(shi)PH計這(zhe)種故障主要是(shi)玻璃電(dian)(dian)極引(yin)線的(de)(de)(de)屏蔽不(bu)良造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。自(zi)動校(xiao)正(zheng)裝(zhuang)置（Calibration Check）可自(zi)動提(ti)醒使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者對(dui)(dui)pH電(dian)(dian)極進行清(qing)洗，并提(ti)示(shi)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)沖(chong)液(ye)是(shi)否已經(jing)污染(ran)等信息盡管pH計(ji)種類(lei)良多，但其(qi)校(xiao)準方法(fa)均采(cai)用(yong)(yong)兩點校(xiao)準法(fa)，即選擇兩種尺(chi)度(du)(du)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)沖(chong)液(ye)：一種是(shi)pH7尺(chi)度(du)(du)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)沖(chong)液(ye)，第二種是(shi)pH9尺(chi)度(du)(du)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)沖(chong)液(ye)或pH4尺(chi)度(du)(du)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)沖(chong)液(ye)。酸(suan)度(du)(du)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)定位(wei)：把復(fu)合電(dian)(dian)極插入儀(yi)器(qi)。這(zhe)種故障產生的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin): 一是(shi)定位(wei)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)可調(diao)電(dian)(dian)阻虛焊，導致(zhi)調(diao)節器(qi)有(you)時(shi)能調(diao)到位(wei)有(you)時(shi)不(bu)能調(diao)到位(wei); 二是(shi)可調(diao)電(dian)(dian)阻短路，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)阻失靈，因(yin)酸(suan)度(du)(du)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)、型號(hao)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，酸(suan)度(du)(du)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)量檢(jian)(jian)定工作不(bu)能千(qian)篇一律(lv)，應(ying)對(dui)(dui)檢(jian)(jian)定規(gui)程加以(yi)理解和(he)(he)消化(hua)，在(zai)檢(jian)(jian)定過程中逐步總結經(jing)驗，在(zai)不(bu)違反規(gui)程原(yuan)則的(de)(de)(de)條件下(xia)使(shi)檢(jian)(jian)定方法(fa)更加完善。消除(chu)“鈉差"的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)，除(chu)了使(shi)用(yong)(yong)特(te)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)“低鈉差"電(dian)(dian)極外，還可似(si)選用(yong)(yong)與(yu)被測溶液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)pH值相(xiang)近似(si)的(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)度(du)(du)緩(huan)(huan)(huan)沖(chong)溶液(ye)對(dui)(dui)儀(yi)器(qi)進行校(xiao)正(zheng)。清(qing)洗電(dian)(dian)極，吸干電(dian)(dian)極球泡表面的(de)(de)(de)余液(ye)。存(cun)放(fang)pH尺(chi)度(du)(du)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)塑料袋或其(qi)它容器(qi)，除(chu)了應(ying)倒(dao)干凈以(yi)外，還應(ying)用(yong)(yong)蒸餾水多次沖(chong)刷，然后將(jiang)其(qi)倒(dao)入配制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)pH尺(chi)度(du)(du)溶液(ye)中，以(yi)保證配制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)pH尺(chi)度(du)(du)溶液(ye)正(zheng)確無誤。電(dian)(dian)極插頭(tou)后真個金屬部門是(shi)和(he)(he)隔(ge)離線的(de)(de)(de)屏蔽套連接的(de)(de)(de)，一定要和(he)(he)機(ji)殼良好接觸，以(yi)防干擾。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，應(ying)該對(dui)(dui)儀(yi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)、參數和(he)(he)機(ji)能加以(yi)把握，使(shi)自(zi)己具(ju)備對(dui)(dui)儀(yi)器(qi)進行操(cao)縱、維(wei)護和(he)(he)修理的(de)(de)(de)能力，在線式PH計以便(bian)能夠及(ji)時地(di)對儀器的故障進行識別和排除。

    &nbsp;    溶液應裝在聚乙烯瓶中密閉保留(liu)。待第種緩沖溶液的pH值讀數(shu)不亂后(hou)，酸度計該(gai)(gai)(gai)讀數應為該(gai)(gai)(gai)緩沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)，否則(ze)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)定(ding)位調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)器(qi)。這種(zhong)臺式酸度(du)(du)計|pH計可(ke)(ke)以用pH7 和3 兩種(zhong)尺度(du)(du)緩沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)進行兩點校(xiao)(xiao)處(chu)死校(xiao)(xiao)正，直(zhi)到葡萄(tao)酒檢測(ce)理想值(zhi)(zhi)在pH2.5~3.6 之間(jian)，這時校(xiao)(xiao)正誤(wu)差最小。“調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)零”調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)不(bu)到位，故障原因有兩種(zhong)可(ke)(ke)能: 一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)假如(ru)扳鍵(jian)開關置“校(xiao)(xiao)準”擋，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)“零點”旋鈕(niu)，表頭指(zhi)(zhi)針可(ke)(ke)以調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)，應該(gai)(gai)(gai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)燈損壞，取(qu)下更換即可(ke)(ke); 二是(shi)(shi)(shi)開關、保險絲損壞或(huo)變壓器(qi)低級斷路、短路，查(cha)出(chu)后進行更換。指(zhi)(zhi)針抖動(dong)或(huo)數顯不(bu)不(bu)亂，定(ding)位失調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)無(wu)法調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)到定(ding)位尺度(du)(du)緩沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)pH 值(zhi)(zhi)。把(ba)電(dian)極放入第二種(zhong)緩沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)中，搖動(dong)燒(shao)杯使溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)平(ping)均(jun)，待讀數不(bu)亂后，該(gai)(gai)(gai)讀數應是(shi)(shi)(shi)第二種(zhong)緩沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)，否則(ze)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)斜(xie)率(lv)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)器(qi)。則(ze)校(xiao)(xiao)準過程結(jie)束。假如(ru)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用于0.1級pH計丈量，則(ze)可(ke)(ke)以用普(pu)通蒸餾(liu)水。選擇一(yi)種(zhong)最接近(jin)樣品pH值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)緩沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)，把(ba)電(dian)極放入這一(yi)緩沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)里(li)，搖動(dong)燒(shao)杯，使溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)平(ping)均(jun)。將朱知pH(X)的(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)X換成(cheng)尺度(du)(du)pH溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)S，同樣測(ce)出(chu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)勢ES，則(ze)溫(wen)度(du)(du)影響電(dian)極的(de)(de)電(dian)位和水的(de)(de)電(dian)離(li)平(ping)衡(heng)。 在線式PH計測定(ding)方法(fa)除將(jiang)1mol Lˉ1氯化鉀溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)代替無CO2水以外,水土比為(wei)1:1,其他(ta)測定(ding)步驟與(yu)(yu)(yu)水浸pH值測定(ding)相同。pH尺(chi)(chi)度(du)(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)應保(bao)留(liu)在(zai)干燥的地方，如混合磷酸鹽pH尺(chi)(chi)度(du)(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)在(zai)空氣濕度(du)(du)(du)較大時就會(hui)發生潮(chao)解,一旦泛起(qi)潮(chao)解,pH尺(chi)(chi)度(du)(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)即不(bu)可使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)。 pH計（酸度(du)(du)(du)計）校(xiao)準: 各種pH計和電位(wei)計的使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)方法(fa)不(bu)盡一致,電極的處理和儀(yi)器的使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)按儀(yi)器仿單進(jin)行。用(yong)尺(chi)(chi)度(du)(du)(du)緩(huan)沖溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)校(xiao)正(zheng)儀(yi)器時,先將(jiang)電極插入與(yu)(yu)(yu)所測試(shi)樣(yang)pH值相差不(bu)超過2個pH單位(wei)的尺(chi)(chi)度(du)(du)(du)緩(huan)沖溶(rong)液(ye)(ye),啟動讀數開關(guan),調節定(ding)位(wei)器使(shi)(shi)(shi)讀數恰好為(wei)尺(chi)(chi)度(du)(du)(du)液(ye)(ye)的pH值,反(fan)復幾回(hui)使(shi)(shi)(shi)讀數不(bu)亂。將(jiang)待(dai)測液(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)尺(chi)(chi)度(du)(du)(du)緩(huan)沖溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)調到統(tong)一溫度(du)(du)(du),在線(xian)式PH計并將溫(wen)度(du)(du)補償器調到(dao)該(gai)溫(wen)度(du)(du)值。

       &nbsp;  酸度(du)計儀器的(de)檢定過程中，酸度計檢(jian)定員除了(le)能進(jin)行正(zheng)常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)定工作(zuo)，還應具備常見(jian)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修理能力，下(xia)面先容幾(ji)種酸度計常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)以(yi)及解決方法。應首(shou)先檢(jian)查緩沖(chong)溶(rong)液是否準確，如有錯誤，重(zhong)新配制。用(yong)于分析精度要求較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測定時，要選擇兩種緩沖(chong)溶(rong)液（即(ji)被測樣品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)pH值在(zai)該兩種緩沖(chong)溶(rong)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)pH值之間或接近）。酸(suan)度計本法(fa)合用于飲(yin)用水、地面(mian)水及產業廢水pH值(zhi)的(de)(de)測定(ding)。酸(suan)度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)校正：先將儀(yi)器斜率調(diao)節器調(diao)節在100％位置，再根據被測溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)溫度(du)，調(diao)節溫度(du)調(diao)節器到該溫度(du)值(zhi)。在線式PH計(ji)(ji)(ji)若是手動(dong)調(diao)節的(de)(de)pH計(ji)(ji)(ji)，應在兩種尺(chi)度(du)緩(huan)沖(chong)液(ye)(ye)之間反復操縱幾回，直至不需再調(diao)節其零點和定(ding)位（斜率）旋鈕，pH計(ji)(ji)(ji)即可正確(que)顯示兩種尺(chi)度(du)緩(huan)沖(chong)液(ye)(ye)pH值(zhi)。水質檢測（監控）儀(yi)：EC電(dian)(dian)導率儀(yi)、鈉度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)、pNa鹽(yan)度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)、ORP氧化還原(yuan)計(ji)(ji)(ji) 、PH酸(suan)度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)； 機械制造設備轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速丈量：多功能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速表(biao)、光(guang)電(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速表(biao)； 空氣質量檢測儀(yi)：溫濕度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)、溫濕度(du)時間表(biao)。酸(suan)度(du)計(ji)(ji)(ji)尺(chi)度(du)緩(huan)沖(chong)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(簡(jian)稱尺(chi)度(du)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye))的(de)(de)配制方法(fa)，pH值(zhi)由丈量電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢而(er)得。 在線式(shi)PH計因(yin)為可能有緩沖溶液(ye)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)和儀器(qi)三方面(mian)的原因(yin)，故(gu)障處(chu)理比較復雜因(yin)此，所定義的pH是無量(liang)綱的量(liang)。產業在線酸度計(ji)儀表操縱簡(jian)樸，現(xian)場(chang)安(an)裝(zhuang)非常利便輕(qing)易。在分(fen)析中(zhong)，除非另(ling)作說明，均要求使用(yong)分(fen)析純或優(you)級(ji)純試劑，購買經中(zhong)國計(ji)量(liang)科學研(yan)究院檢定合格的袋(dai)裝(zhuang)pH尺度物質(zhi)時(shi)，可參照仿單使用(yong)。只需將二次儀表與電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)簡(jian)樸連接及(ji)可正(zheng)常使用(yong)，按(an)照下(xia)列(lie)安(an)裝(zhuang)方式的直觀圖(tu)參考即可。泥土的氯化(hua)鉀鹽(yan)浸(jin)提液(ye)pH的測(ce)定: 當泥土水(shui)浸(jin)pH值＜7時(shi),應測(ce)定泥土鹽(yan)浸(jin)提液(ye)pH值。將電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)插(cha)入(ru)待(dai)測(ce)液(ye)中(zhong)(留意(yi)酸度計(ji)玻(bo)璃電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)球泡下(xia)部位于土液(ye)界面(mian)下(xia),甘汞電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)插(cha)入(ru)上部清液(ye)),輕(qing)輕(qing)搖動燒(shao)杯以除去(qu)酸度計(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上的水(shui)膜,促(cu)使其(qi)快(kuai)速平衡,靜(jing)止(zhi)片刻,按(an)下(xia)讀數開關,待(dai)讀數不(bu)亂時(shi)記下(xia)pH值。